USDA APHIS National Scrapie TSE Prion Eradication Program April 2016 Monthly Report Prion 2016 Tokyo Update
National Scrapie Eradication Program
April 2016 Monthly Report
Fiscal Year 2016
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Veterinary Services
Surveillance, Preparedness and Response Services
Sheep and Goat Health Program
May 15, 2016
snip...
Surveillance
Regulatory Scrapie Slaughter Surveillance (RSSS)
RSSS started April 1, 2003. It is a targeted slaughter surveillance program
which is designed to identify infected flocks. Samples have been collected from
503,973 animals since April 1, 2003. There have been 479 NVSL confirmed positive
animals* (471 classical cases and 8 Nor98-like cases) since the beginning of
RSSS. As of April 30, 2016, 21,371 samples have been collected in FY 2016,
16,854 from sheep and 4,517 from goats.
As of April 30, 2016, one black-faced sheep* tested positive for scrapie in
FY 2016. The weighted percentage of samples that have tested positive for each
face color** from FY 2003 through FY 2016 is depicted in Chart 3a. In November
2013, administrative units within APHIS Veterinary Services reorganized from 2
Regions to 6 Districts (Figure 6). The distribution of sheep and goat
populations by District is depicted in Chart 4a. The number of animals collected
for FY 2016 by District where collected is shown in Chart 4b. A monthly
comparison of RSSS collections by fiscal year is displayed in Chart 5. Chart 6is
a retrospective 6-month rolling average of the percent positive, black-faced
sheep sampled at RSSS collection sites.
* RSSS positives are reported based on collection date and may have been
confirmed after April 30, 2016.
** White, black and mottled face color sheep are weighted based on
population. White faced sheep have the highest weight, so when the uncommon
white face positive sheep is found it will cause this statistic to increase.
snip...
Positive Cases and Infected/Source Flocks
Positive Scrapie Cases*
Thirteen positive cases have been reported in FY 2016. Eight of the cases
were from a source flock that was designated in October because of an RSSS
positive animal reported in September 2015. Location of the cases is shown in
Table 1 and Figure 1, and distribution by face-color (sheep) and type (goats) is
shown in Table 2.
The 2 positive goat cases found in FY 2015 increased the number of
confirmed cases in goats since FY 2002 to 41 (Figure 2). No goats have tested
positive in FY 2016.
Infected and Source Flocks
As of April 30, 2016, there were four flocks with an open infected or
source status (Figure 3). Two infected and three source flocks have been
designated in FY 2016 (Figure 4); two flocks have completed clean-up plans and
have been released (Figure 5). New infected and source statuses from FY 1997 to
FY 2016 are depicted in Chart 2.
* Samples collected between October 1, 2015 and April 30, 2016 and
confirmed by May 15, 2016.
IL-13 Transmission of prions to non human-primates: Implications for human
populations
Jean-Philippe Deslys, Emmanuel E. Comoy
CEW, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (iMETI),
Division of Prions and Related Diseases (SEPIA), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
Prion diseases are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to
be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal prion
disease might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the
absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a
transmission or genetic predispositions, prion diseases, like the other
proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atypical animal prion
strains, sporadic CJD summing 80 % of human prion cases).
Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the
transmissibility of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among
them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for
human health1, according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended
lifetime. We used this model to assess the risk of primary (oral) and secondary
(transfusional) risk of BSE, and also the zoonotic potential of other animal
prion diseases from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent
incubation periods.
We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie
isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features
similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring
fourfold' . longer incubation than BSE2. Scrapie, as recently evoked in
humanized mice3, is the third potentially zoonotic prion disease (with BSE and
L-type BSE4), thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. We also
observed hidden prions transmitted by blood transfusion in primate which escape
to the classical diagnostic methods and extend the field of healthy carriers. We
will present an updated panorama of our different long-term transmission studies
and discuss the implications on risk assessment of animal prion diseases for
human health and of the status of healthy carrier5.
1. Chen, C. C. & Wang, Y. H. Estimation of the Exposure of the UK
Population to the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent through Dietary Intake
During the Period 1980 to 1996. PLoS One 9, e94020 (2014).
2. Comoy, E. E. et al. Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an
extended silent incubation period. Sci Rep 5, 11573 (2015).
3. Cassard, H. et al. Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie
prions. Nat Commun 5, 5821-5830 (2014).
4. Comoy, E. E. et al. Atypical BSE (BASE) transmitted from asymptomatic
aging cattle to a primate. PLoS One 3, e3017 (2008).
5. Gill O. N. et al. Prevalent abnormal prion protein in human appendixes
after bovine spongiform encephalopathy epizootic: large scale survey. BMJ. 347,
f5675 (2013).
Curriculum Vitae
Dr. Deslys co-authored more than one hundred publications in international
scientific journals on main aspects of applied prion research (diagnostic,
decontamination techniques, risk assessment, and therapeutic approaches in
different experimental models) and on underlying pathological mechanisms. He
studied the genetic of the first cases of iatrogenic CJD in France. His work has
led to several patents including the BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy)
diagnostic test most widely used worldwide. He also wrote a book on mad cow
disease which can be downloaded here for free (http://www.neuroprion.org/pdf_docs/documentation/madcow_deslys.pdf).
His research group is Associate Laboratory to National Reference Laboratory for
CJD in France and has high security level microbiological installations
(NeuroPrion research platform) with different experimental models (mouse,
hamster, macaque). The primate model of BSE developed by his group with
cynomolgus macaques turned out to mimick remarkably well the human situation and
allows to assess the primary (oral) and secondary (transfusional) risks linked
to animal and human prions even after very long silent incubation periods. For
several years, his interest has extended to the connections between PrP and
Alzheimer and the prion mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases. He is
coordinating the NeuroPrion international association (initially european
network of excellence now open to all prion researchers).
- 59-
P-088 Transmission of experimental CH1641-like scrapie to bovine PrP
overexpression mice
Kohtaro Miyazawa1, Kentaro Masujin1, Hiroyuki Okada1, Yuichi Matsuura1,
Takashi Yokoyama2
1Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal
Health, NARO, Japan; 2Department of Planning and General Administration,
National Institute of Animal Health, NARO
Introduction: Scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. CH1641-lke
scrapie is characterized by a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated form of
abnormal prion protein (PrpSc) compared to that of classical scrapie. It is
worthy of attention because of the biochemical similarities of the Prpsc from
CH1641-like and BSE affected sheep. We have reported that experimental
CH1641-like scrapie is transmissible to bovine PrP overexpression (TgBoPrP) mice
(Yokoyama et al. 2010). We report here the further details of this transmission
study and compare the biological and biochemical properties to those of
classical scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice.
Methods: The details of sheep brain homogenates used in this study are
described in our previous report (Yokoyama et al. 2010). TgBoPrP mice were
intracerebrally inoculated with a 10% brain homogenate of each scrapie strain.
The brains of mice were subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses.
Results: Prpsc banding pattern of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice
was similar to that of classical scrapie affected mice. Mean survival period of
CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was 170 days at the 3rd passage and it
was significantly shorter than that of classical scrapie affected mice (439
days). Lesion profiles and Prpsc distributions in the brains also differed
between CH1641-like and classical scrapie affected mice.
Conclusion: We succeeded in stable transmission of CH1641-like scrapie to
TgBoPrP mice. Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is
likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle.
WS-02
Scrapie in swine: A diagnostic challenge
Justin J Greenlee1, Robert A Kunkle1, Jodi D Smith1, Heather W. Greenlee2
1National Animal Disease Center, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service, United States; 2Iowa State University College of Veterinary
Medicine
A naturally occurring prion disease has not been recognized in swine, but
the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy does transmit to swine by
experimental routes. Swine are thought to have a robust species barrier when
exposed to the naturally occurring prion diseases of other species, but the
susceptibility of swine to the agent of sheep scrapie has not been thoroughly
tested.
Since swine can be fed rations containing ruminant derived components in
the United States and many other countries, we conducted this experiment to test
the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral
inoculation. Scrapie inoculum was a pooled 10% (w/v) homogenate derived from the
brains of clinically ill sheep from the 4th passage of a serial passage study of
the U.S scrapie agent (No. 13-7) through susceptible sheep that were homozygous
ARQ at prion protein residues 136, 154, and 171, respectively. Pigs were
inoculated intracranially (n=19) with a single 0.75 ml dose or orally (n=24)
with 15 ml repeated on 4 consecutive days. Necropsies were done on a subset of
animals at approximately six months post inoculation (PI), at the time the pigs
were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and
monitored for clinical signs of TSE until study termination at 80 months PI or
when removed due to intercurrent disease (primarily lameness). Brain samples
were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blot (WB), and
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Brain tissue from a subset of pigs in
each inoculation group was used for bioassay in mice expressing porcine PRNP.
At six-months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any
diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals
were positive by one or more methods: IHC (n=4), WB (n=3), or ELISA (n=5).
Interestingly, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated
groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study).
Swine inoculated with the agent of scrapie by the intracranial and oral
routes do not accumulate abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) to a level detectable by
IHC or WB by the time they reach typical market age and weight. However, strong
support for the fact that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie
comes from positive bioassay from both intracranially and orally inoculated pigs
and multiple diagnostic methods demonstrating abnormal prion protein in
intracranially inoculated pigs with long incubation times.
Curriculum Vitae
Dr. Greenlee is Research Veterinary Medical Officer in the Virus and Prion
Research Unit at the National Animal Disease Center, US Department of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. He applies his specialty in
veterinary anatomic pathology to focused research on the intra- and interspecies
transmission of prion diseases in livestock and the development of antemortem
diagnostic assays for prion diseases. In addition, knockout and transgenic mouse
models are used to complement ongoing experiments in livestock species. Dr.
Greenlee has publications in a number of topic areas including prion agent
decontamination, effects of PRNP genotype on susceptibility to the agent of
sheep scrapie, characterization of US scrapie strains, transmission of chronic
wasting disease to cervids and cattle, features of H-BSE associated with the
E211 K polymorphism, and the development of retinal assessment for antemortem
screening for prion diseases in sheep and cattle. Dr. Greenlee obtained his DVM
degree and completed the PhD/residency program in Veterinary Pathology at Iowa
State University. He is a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary
Pathologists.
>>>A naturally occurring prion disease has not been recognized in
swine, but the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy does transmit to swine
by experimental routes. <<<
for anyone interested, please see old studies here ;
IN CONFIDENCE
EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY 1. CMO should be aware that
a pig inoculated experimentally (ic, iv, and ip) with BSE brain suspension has
after 15 months developed an illness, now confirmed as a spongiform
encephalopathy. This is the first ever description of such a disease in a pig,
although it seems there ar no previous attempts at experimental inoculation with
animal material. The Southwood group had thought igs would not be susceptible.
Most pigs are slaughtered when a few weeks old but there have been no reports of
relevant neurological illness in breeding sows or other elderly pigs.
...see full text ;
IN CONFIDENCE
So it is plausible pigs could be preclinically affected with BSE but since
so few are allowed to reach adulthood this has not been recognised through
clinical disease. ...
snip...
CONFIDENTIAL EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
PLEASE NOTE, these old BSE Inquiry links take a while to open with the
wayback machine, so be patient. ...tss
Title: Experimental Intracerebral and Oral Inoculation of Scrapie to Swine:
Preliminary Report In the United States, feeding of ruminant by-products to
ruminants is prohibited, but feeding of ruminant materials to swine and poultry
still occurs. The potential for swine to have access to scrapie-contaminated
feedstuffs exists, but the potential for swine to serve as a host for
replication/accumulation of the agent of scrapie is unknown. The purpose of this
study was to perform oral and intracerebral inoculation of the U.S. scrapie
agent to determine the potential of swine as a host for the scrapie agent and
their clinical susceptibility.
snip...
IN CONFIDENCE EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY 1. CMO should
be aware that a pig inoculated experimentally (ic, iv, and ip) with BSE brain
suspension has after 15 months developed an illness, now confirmed as a
spongiform encephalopathy. This is the first ever description of such a disease
in a pig, although it seems there ar no previous attempts at experimental
inoculation with animal material. The Southwood group had thought igs would not
be susceptible. Most pigs are slaughtered when a few weeks old but there have
been no reports of relevant neurological illness in breeding sows or other
elderly pigs. ...see full text ;
we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform
encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for
this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the
theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.
May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of
papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the
information. ...
3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside
the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...
But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly
mentioned at all. ...
Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in
medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a
hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for
which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America
China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and
Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon,
makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk''
tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural
replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....
snip...
It was not until . . . August 1990, that the result from the pig persuaded
both SEAC and us to change our view and to take out of pig rations any residual
infectivity that might have arisen from the SBOs.
4.303 The minutes of the meeting record that: It was very difficult to draw
conclusions from one experimental result for what may happen in the field.
However it would be prudent to exclude specified bovine offals from the pig
diet. Although any relationship between BSE and the finding of a spongiform
encephalopathy in cats had yet to be demonstrated, the fact that this had
occurred suggested that a cautious view should be taken of those species which
might be susceptible. The 'specified offals' of bovines should therefore be
excluded from the feed of all species. 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20031026084516/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/07001001.pdf
7 OF 10 LITTLE PIGGIES WENT ON TO DEVELOP BSE;
1: J Comp Pathol. 2000 Feb-Apr; 122(2-3): 131-43. Related Articles, Links
Click here to read
The neuropathology of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the
pig.
Ryder SJ, Hawkins SA, Dawson M, Wells GA. Veterinary Laboratories Agency
Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
In an experimental study of the transmissibility of BSE to the pig, seven
of 10 pigs, infected at 1-2 weeks of age by multiple-route parenteral
inoculation with a homogenate of bovine brain from natural BSE cases developed
lesions typical of spongiform encephalopathy. The lesions consisted principally
of severe neuropil vacuolation affecting most areas of the brain, but mainly the
forebrain. In addition, some vacuolar change was identified in the rostral
colliculi and hypothalamic areas of normal control pigs. PrP accumulations were
detected immunocytochemically in the brains of BSE-infected animals. PrP
accumulation was sparse in many areas and its density was not obviously related
to the degree of vacuolation. The patterns of PrP immunolabelling in control
pigs differed strikingly from those in the infected animals. PMID: 10684682
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Transgenic mice expressing porcine prion protein resistant to classical
scrapie but susceptible to sheep bovine spongiform encephalopathy and atypical
scrapie.
Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Aug; [Epub ahead of print]
snip...
Friday, August 21, 2015
Porcine prion protein amyloid or mad pig disease PSE Porcine Spongiform
Encephalopathy ?
In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q
(AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental
strain CH1641.
Monday, April 11, 2016
*** DECLARATION OF EXTRAORDINARY EMERGENCY DUE TO A FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASE
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD IN
THE UNITED STATES AND NORTH AMERICA ?
Diagnosing TSE Prion disease in the USA, and the ‘’REDACTED’’ factor on
sound atypical Scrapie TSE Prion testing by the USDA APHIS et al, and 10 years
of FOIA request
Monday, April 11, 2016
***DECLARATION OF EXTRAORDINARY EMERGENCY DUE TO A FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASE
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD IN
THE UNITED STATES AND NORTH AMERICA ? ***
MAD SHEEP OF MAD RIVER VALLEY AND THE USDA ‘FALSE FLAG’ WAR ON THAT
FAMILY, AND WHY TODAY A DECLARATION OF EXTRAORDINARY EMERGENCY DUE TO A FOREIGN
ANIMAL DISEASE TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION CHRONIC WASTING
DISEASE CWD IN THE UNITED STATES AND NORTH AMERICA MUST BE CALLED FOR !!!
Friday, February 20, 2015
***APHIS Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Appeal Mouse Bio-Assays
2007-00030-A Sheep Imported From Belgium and the Presence of TSE Prion Disease
Kevin Shea to Singeltary 2015
http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/02/aphis-freedom-of-information-act-foia.html
http://www.amazon.com/Mad-Sheep-Story-behind-Family/dp/1933392762
Friday, August 21, 2015
Porcine prion protein amyloid or mad pig disease PSE Porcine Spongiform
Encephalopathy ?
CJD/BSE (aka madcow) Human/Animal TSE’s--U.S.--Submission To Scientific
Advisors and Consultants Staff January 2001 Meeting (short version)
Freas, William
From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder@wt.net]
Sent: Monday, January 08,2001 3:03 PM
TO: freas@CBS5055530.CBER.FDA.GOV
Subject: CJD/BSE (aka madcow) Human/Animal TSE’s--U.S.--Submission To
Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff January 2001 Meeting (short
version)
CJD/BSE (aka madcow) Human/Animal TSE’s--U.S.--Submission To Scientific
Advisors and Consultants Staff January 2001 Meeting (short version)
Greetings again Dr. Freas and Committee Members,
I wish to submit the following information to the Scientific Advisors and
Consultants Staff 2001 Advisory Committee (short version).
I understand the reason of having to shorten my submission, but only hope
that you add it to a copy of the long version, for members to take and read at
their pleasure, (if cost is problem, bill me, address below). So when they
realize some time in the near future of the 'real' risks i speak of from
human/animal TSEs and blood/surgical products. I cannot explain the 'real' risk
of this in 5 or 10 minutes at some meeting, or on 2 or 3 pages, but will attempt
here:
remember AIDS/HIV, 'no problem to heterosexuals in the U.S.? no need to go
into that, you know of this blunder:
DO NOT make these same stupid mistakes again with human/animal TSE's aka
MADCOW DISEASE. I lost my Mom to hvCJD, and my neighbor lost his Mother to sCJD
as well (both cases confirmed). I have seen many deaths, from many diseases. I
have never seen anything as CJD, I still see my Mom laying helpless, jerking
tremendously, and screaming "God, what's wrong with me, why can't I stop this".
I still see this, and will never forget. Approximately 10 weeks from 1st of
symptoms to death. This is what drives me. I have learned more in 3 years about
not only human/animal TSE's but the cattle/rendering/feeding industry/government
than i ever wished to.
I think you are all aware of CJD vs vCJD, but i don't think you all know
the facts of human/animal TSE's as a whole, they are all very very similar, and
are all tied to the same thing, GREED and MAN.
I am beginning to think that the endless attempt to track down and ban,
potential victims from known BSE Countries from giving blood will be futile. You
would have to ban everyone on the Globe eventually? AS well, I think we MUST ACT
SWIFTLY to find blood test for TSE's, whether it be blood test, urine test,
.eyelid test, anything at whatever cost, we need a test FAST.
DO NOT let the incubation time period of these TSEs fool you.
To think of Scrapie as the prime agent to compare CJD, but yet overlook the
Louping-ill vaccine event in 1930's of which 1000's of sheep where infected by
scrapie from a vaccine made of scrapie infected sheep brains, would be foolish.
I acquired this full text version of the event which was recorded in the Annual
Congress of 1946 National Vet. Med. Ass. of Great Britain and Ireland. from the
BVA and the URL is posted in my (long version).
U.S.A. should make all human/animal TSE's notifiable at all ages, with
requirements for a thorough surveillance and post-mortem examinations free of
charge, if you are serious about eradicating this horrible disease in man and
animal.
There is histopathology reports describing o florid plaques" in CJD victims
in the USA and some of these victims are getting younger. I have copies of such
autopsies, there has to be more. PLUS, sub-clinical human TSE's will most
definitely be a problem.
THEN think of vaccineCJD in children and the bovine tissues used in the
manufacturing process, think of the FACT that this agent surviving 6OO*C. PNAS
-- Brown et al. 97 (7): 3418 scrapie agent live at 600*C
Then think of the CONFIDENTIAL documents of what was known of human/animal
TSE and vaccines in the mid to late 80s, it was all about depletion of stock, to
hell with the kids, BUT yet they knew. To think of the recall and worry of TSE's
from the polio vaccine, (one taken orally i think?), but yet neglect to act on
the other potential TSE vaccines (inoculations, the most effective mode to
transmit TSEs) of which thousands of doses were kept and used, to deplete
stockpile, again would be foolish.
--Oral polio; up to 1988, foetal calf serum was used from UK and New
Zealand (pooled); since 1988 foetal calf serum only from New Zealand. Large
stocks are held.
--Rubella; bulk was made before 1979 from foetal calf serum from UK and New
Zealand. None has been made as there are some 15 years stock.
--Diphtheria; UK bovine beef muscle and ox heart is used but since the end
of 1988 this has been sourced from Eire. There are 1,250 litres of stock.
--Tetanus; this involves bovine material from the UK mainly Scottish. There
are 21,000 litres of stock.
--Pertussis; uses bovine material from the UK. There are 63,000 litres of
stock. --They consider that to switch to a non-UK source will take a minimum of
6-18 months and to switch to a non-bovine source will take a minimum of five
years.
3. XXXXXXXXXXX have measles, mumps, MMR, rubella vaccines. These are
sourced from the USA and the company believes that US material only is
used.
89/2.14/2.1
============
BSE3/1 0251
4. XXXXXXXXXXX have a measles vaccine using bovine serum from the UK. there
are 440,000 units of stock. They have also got MMR using bovine serum from the
UK.
5. XXXXXXXXXXX have influenza, rubella, measles,' MMR vaccines likely to be
used in children. Of those they think that only MMR contains bovine material
which is probably a French origin.
6. XXXXXXXXXXX have diphtheria/tetanus and potasses on clinical trial. hese
use veal material, some of which has come from the UK and has been ade by
XXXXXXXXXXX (see above).
I have documents of imports from known BSE Countries, of ferments, whole
blood, antiallergenic preparations,
2
human blood plasma, normal human blood sera, human immune blood sera, fetal
bovine serum, and other blood fractions not elsewhere specified or included,
imported glands, catgut, vaccines for both human/animal, as late as 1998. Let us
not forget about PITUITARY EXTRACT. This was used to help COWS super ovulate.
This tissue was considered to be of greatest risk of containing BSE and
consequently transmitting the disease.
ANNEX 6
MEETING HELD ON 8 JUNE 1988 TO DISCUSS THE IMPLICATIONS OF BSE TO
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS CONTAINING BOVINE - EXTRACTED MATERIAL
How much of this was used in the U.S.?
Please do not keep making the same mistakes; 'Absence of evidence is not
evidence of absence'.
What are the U.S. rules for importing and manufacturing vaccines, medicines
and medical devices?
Does the U.S.A. allow sourcing of raw material of ruminants from the
U.S.A.?
U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor
herds? . The U.S. rendering system would easily amplify T.S.E.'s:
Have we increased the stability of the system (improved heat treatments)
since the EU SSC report on the U.S.A. was published in july 2000?
What is done to avoid cross-contaminations in the U.S.A.?
How can the U.S. control absence of cross-contaminations of animal TSE's
when pig and horse MBM and even deer and elk are allowed in ruminant feed, as
well as bovine blood? I sadly think of the rendering and feeding policy before
the Aug. 4, 1997 'partial' feed ban, where anything went, from the city police
horse, to the circus elephant, i will not mention all the scrapie infected
sheep. I am surprised that we have not included man 'aka soyent green'. It is a
disgusting industry and nothing more than greed fuels it.
When will the U.S.. start real surveillance of the U.S. bovine population
(not passive, this will not work)?
When will U.S. start removing SRMs?
Have they stopped the use of pneumatic stunners in the U.S.?
If so, will we stop it in all U.S. abattoirs or only in those abattoirs
exporting to Europe?
If not, WHY NOT?
same questions for removal of SRM in the U.S.A., or just for export?
If not, WHY NOT?
How do we now sterilize surgical/dental instruments in the U.S.A.?
Where have we been sourcing surgical catgut?
(i have copies of imports to U.S., and it would floor you) hen will
re-usable surgical instruments be banned?
'Unregulated "foods" such as 'nutritional supplements' containing various
extracts from ruminants, whether imported or derived from
3
US cattle/sheep/cervids ("antler velvet" extracts!) should be forbidden or
at least very seriously regulated. (neighbors Mom, whom also died from CJD, had
been taking bovine based supplement, which contained brain, eye, and many other
bovine/ovine tissues for years, 'IPLEX').
What is the use of banning blood or tissue donors from Germany, France,
etc... when the U.S.A. continues exposing cattle, sheep and people to SRM,
refuses to have a serious feed ban, refuses to do systematic
BSE-surveillance?
The FDA should feel responsible for the safety of what people eat, prohibit
the most dangerous foods, not only prohibit a few more donors - the FDA should
be responsible for the safe sourcing of medical devices, not only rely on
banning donors "from Europe", The 'real' risks are here in the U.S. as well, and
nave been for some time.
We must not forget the studies that have proven infectivity in blood from
TSE's.
The Lancet, November 9, 1985
Sir, --Professor Manuelidis and his colleagues (Oct 19, p896) report
transmission to animals of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) from the buffy coat
from two patients. We also transmitted the disease from, whole blood samples of
a patient (and of mice) infected with CJD.l Brain, Cornea, and urine from this
patient were also infectious, and the clinicopathological findings2 are
summarised as follows.
snip...
Samples,were taken aseptically at necropsy. 10% crude homogenates of brain
and cornea in saline, whole blood (after crushing a clot), and untreated CSF and
urine were innoculated intracerebrally into CFl strain mice (20 ul per animal).
Some mice showed emaciation, bradykinesia, rigidity of the body and tail, and
sometimes tremor after long incubation periods. Tissues obtained after the
animal died (or was killed) were studied histologically (table). Animals
infected by various inocula showed common pathological changes, consisting of
severe spongiform changes, glial proliferation, and a moderate loss of nerve
cells. A few mice inoculated with brain tissue or urine had the same amyloid
plaques found in patients and animals with CJD.3
snip...
Department of Neuropathology,. Neurological Institute, Faculty of Medicine,
Kyushu University, Fukuoka812, Japan JUN TATEISHI
(full text-long version)
and
CWD and transmission to man will be no different than other TSE's.
"Clearly, it is premature to draw firm conclusions about CWD passing
naturally into humans, cattle and sheep, but the present results suggest that
CWD transmissions to humans would be as limited by PrP incompatibility as
transmissions of BSE or sheep scrapie to humans. Although there is no evidence
that sheep scrapie has affected humans, it is likely that BSE has
4
caused variant CJD in 74 people (definite and probable variant CJD cases to
date according to the UK CJD Surveillance Unit). Given the presumably large
number of people exposed to BSE infectivity, the susceptibility of humans may
still be very low compared with cattle, which would be consistent with the
relatively inefficient conversion of human PrP-sen by PrPBSE. Nonetheless, since
humans have apparently been infected by BSE, it would seem prudent to take
reasonable measures to limit exposure of humans (as well as sheep and cattle) to
CWD infectivity as has been recommended for other animal TSEs,"
G.J. Raymond1, A. Bossers2, L.D. Raymond1, K.I. O'Rourke3, L.E. McHolland4,
P.K. Bryant III4, M.W. Miller5, E.S. Williams6, M. Smits2 and B.
Caughey1,7
or more recently transmission of BSE to sheep via whole blood Research
letters Volume 356, Number 9234 16 September 2000
Transmission of BSE by blood transfusion in sheep
Lancet 2000; 356: 999 – 1000
F Houston, J D Foster, Angela Chong, N Hunter, C J Bostock
See Commentary
"We have shown that it is possible to transmit bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE) to a sheep by transfusion with whole blood taken from
another sheep during the symptom-free phase of an experimental BSE infection.
BSE and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in human beings are caused by
the same infectious agent, and the sheep-BSE experimental model has a similar
pathogenesis to that of human vCJD. Although UK blood transfusions are
leucodepleted--a possible protective measure against any risk from blood
transmission-- this report suggests that blood donated by symptom-free
vCJD-infected human beings may represent a risk of spread of vCJD infection
among the human population of the UK."
"The demonstration that the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)
is caused by the same agent that causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
in cattle1 has raised concerns that blood from human beings in the symptom-free
stages of vCJD could transmit infection to recipients of blood transfusions
(full text long version)"
and...
"The large number of cases (1040), temporal clustering of the outbreaks (15
in the first 6 months of 1997), the high in-flock incidence, and the exceptional
involvement of goats (390 cases), suggested an accidental infection. The source
of the epidemic might have been TSE-contaminated meat and bonemeal, but eight
flocks had never been fed any commercial feedstuff. Infection might have risen
from the use of a formol-inactivated vaccine against contagious agalactia
prepared by a single laboratory with brain and mammary gland homogenates of
sheep infected with Mycoplasma agalactiae. Although clinical signs of TSE in the
donor sheep have not been found, it is possible that one or more of them were
harbouring the
5
infectious agent. Between 1995 and 1996, this vaccine was given
subcutaneously to 15 of the affected flocks (to one flock in 1994) ; in these
animals the disease appeared between 23 and 35 months after vaccination. No
information is available for herd 13 because it was made up of stolen animals.
Sheep from the remaining three flocks (1-3, figure) did not receive the vaccine,
thus suggesting a naturally occurring disease.’’ (again, full text long
version).
IN SHORT, please do under estimate this data and or human/animal TSE's
including CWD in the U.S.A.
A few last words, please.
The cattle industry would love to have us turn our focus to CWD and forget
about our own home grown TSE in Bovines. This would be easy to do. Marsh's work
was from downer cattle feed, NOT downer deer/elk feed. This has been
proven.
DO NOT MAKE THAT MISTAKE.
There should be NO LESS THAN 1,000,000 tests for BSE/TSE ' in 2001 for
U.S.A. French are testing 20,000 a week. The tests are available. Why wait until
we stumble across a case from passive surveillance, by then it is to late. IF we
want the truth, this is a must???
United States Total ,Bovine Brain Submissions by State,
May 10 ,1990 thru October 31, 2000
Total 11,700
FROM 1.5 BILLION HEAD OF CATTLE since 1990 ???
with same feeding and rendering practices as that of U.K. for years and
years, same scrapie infected sheep used in feed, for years and years, 950
scrapie infect FLOCKS in the U.S. and over 20 different strains of scrapie known
to date. (hmmm, i am thinking why there is not a variant scrapie, that is
totally different than all the rest)? just being sarcastic.
with only PARTIAL FEED BAN implemented on Aug. 4, 1997??? (you really need
to reconsider that blood meal etc. 'TOTAL BAN')
AND PLEASE FOR GODS SAKE, STOP saying vCJD victims are the only ones tied
to this environmental death sentence. "PROVE IT". It's just not true. The
'CHOSEN ONES' are not the only ones dying because of this man-made death
sentence. When making regulations for human health from human/animal TSEs, you
had better include ALL human TSE's, not just vCJD. Do NOT underestimate sporadic
CJD with the 'prehistoric' testing available to date. This could be a deadly
mistake. Remember, sCJD kills much faster from 1st onset of symptoms to death,
and hvCJD is the fastest. Could it just be a higher titre of infectivity, or
route or source, or all three?
Last, but not least. The illegal/legal harvesting of body parts and tissues
will come back to haunt you. Maybe not morally, but due to NO background checks
and human TSEs, again it will continue to spread.
Stupidity, Ignorance and Greed is what fuels this disease. You must stop
all of this, and ACT AT ONCE...
Sent: Monday, January 08,2001 3:03 PM
TO: freas@CBS5055530.CBER.FDA.GOV
FDA CJD BSE TSE Prion Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff January
2001 Meeting Singeltary Submission
2001 FDA CJD TSE Prion Singeltary Submission
2001 FDA CJD TSE Prion Singeltary Submission
April 22, 2016
Scrapie Confirmed in a Hartley County Sheep
AUSTIN - Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) officials have confirmed
scrapie in a Hartley County ewe. The ewe was tested by TAHC after the owner
reported signs of weight loss and lack of coordination to their local
veterinarian. The premises was quarantined and a flock plan for monitoring is
being developed by the TAHC and USDA.
"The TAHC is working closely with the flock owner, sharing all of the
options for disease eradication," said Dr. David Finch, TAHC Region 1 Director.
"We are thankful the producer was proactive in identifying a problem and seeking
veterinary help immediately."
Texas leads the nation in sheep and goat production. Since 2008, there have
been no confirmed cases of scrapie in Texas. The last big spike in Texas scrapie
cases was in 2006 when nine infected herds were identified and the last herd was
released from restrictions in 2013.
According to USDA regulations, Texas must conduct adequate scrapie
surveillance by collecting a minimum of 598 sheep samples annually. Since USDA
slaughter surveillance started in FY 2003, the percent of cull sheep found
positive for scrapieat slaughter (once adjusted for face color) has decreased 90
percent.
Scrapie is the oldest known transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, and
under natural conditions only sheep and goats are known to be affected by
scrapie. It is a fatal disease that affects the central nervous system of sheep
and goats. It is not completely understood how scrapie is passed from one animal
to the next and apparently healthy sheep infected with scrapie can spread the
disease. Sheep and goats are typically infected as young lambs or kids, though
adult sheep and goats can become infected.
The most effective method of scrapie prevention is to maintain a closed
flock. Raising replacement ewes, purchasing genetically resistant rams and
ewes,or buying from a certified-free scrapie flock are other options to reduce
the risk of scrapie. At this time the resistant genetic markers in goats have
not been identified, therefore it is important to maintain your sheep and goat
herds separately.
The incubation period for Scrapie is typically two to five years. Producers
should record individual identification numbers and the seller's premise
identification number on purchase and sales records. These records must be
maintained for a minimum of five years.
Producers should notify the Texas Animal Health Commission (800-550-8242)
or the USDA-Austin Office (512-383-2400) if they have an adult sheep or goat
with neurologic signs such as incoordination, behavioral changes, or intense
itching with wool loss. Producers may order scrapie identification tags by
calling 866-873-2824. For more information, please visit our website at:
###
Texas Scrapie Confirmed in a Hartley County Sheep where CWD was detected in
a Mule Deer, was there a link to the two ???
Sunday, May 22, 2016
TEXAS CWD DEER BREEDERS PLEA TO GOVERNOR ABBOTT TO CIRCUMVENT TPWD SOUND
SCIENCE TO LET DISEASE SPREAD
Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online
Taylor & Francis
Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts
WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential
Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a.
Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a,
Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a
"Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal ( CISA-INIA ). Valdeolmos,
Madrid. Spain; b UMR INRA -ENVT 1225 Interactions Holes Agents Pathogenes. ENVT.
Toulouse. France: "UR892. Virologie lmmunologie MolécuIaires, Jouy-en-Josas.
France
Dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated
bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob (vCJD)
disease in human. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion.
Despite the variety of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents that
have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants there is no apparent
epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of
other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (sCJD).
However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has
never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment
of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modeling of the ‘species barrier‘, the
biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents’ propagation from a species to
another. In the last decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms
of the human prion protein has proved essential in studying human prions
pathogenesis and modeling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species
barrier.
To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants,
we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC
(HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC
(129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in
susceptibility/resistance to the different agents.
These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to
propagate in 129M- HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be
susceptible to BSE in sheep or goat to a greater degree than the BSE agent in
cattle and that these agents can convey molecular properties and
neuropathological indistinguishable from vCJD. However homozygous 129V mice are
resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating
species suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant.
Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in
HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the
efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages
resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.
Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the
emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to
those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. These results demonstrate that scrapie
prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link
between animal and human prions.
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES
Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent
incubation period
Authors
item Comoy, Emmanuel - item Mikol, Jacqueline - item Luccantoni-Freire,
Sophie - item Correia, Evelyne - item Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nathalie - item
Durand, Valérie - item Dehen, Capucine - item Andreoletti, Olivier - item
Casalone, Cristina - item Richt, Juergen item Greenlee, Justin item Baron,
Thierry - item Benestad, Sylvie - item Hills, Bob - item Brown, Paul - item
Deslys, Jean-Philippe -
Submitted to: Scientific Reports Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: May 28, 2015 Publication Date: June 30, 2015
Citation: Comoy, E.E., Mikol, J., Luccantoni-Freire, S., Correia, E.,
Lescoutra-Etchegaray, N., Durand, V., Dehen, C., Andreoletti, O., Casalone, C.,
Richt, J.A., Greenlee, J.J., Baron, T., Benestad, S., Brown, P., Deslys, J.
2015. Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent
incubation period. Scientific Reports. 5:11573.
Interpretive Summary: The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (also
called prion diseases) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect animals
and humans. The agent of prion diseases is a misfolded form of the prion protein
that is resistant to breakdown by the host cells. Since all mammals express
prion protein on the surface of various cells such as neurons, all mammals are,
in theory, capable of replicating prion diseases. One example of a prion
disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; also called mad cow disease),
has been shown to infect cattle, sheep, exotic undulates, cats, non-human
primates, and humans when the new host is exposed to feeds or foods contaminated
with the disease agent. The purpose of this study was to test whether non-human
primates (cynomologous macaque) are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie.
After an incubation period of approximately 10 years a macaque developed
progressive clinical signs suggestive of neurologic disease. Upon postmortem
examination and microscopic examination of tissues, there was a widespread
distribution of lesions consistent with a transmissible spongiform
encephalopathy. This information will have a scientific impact since it is the
first study that demonstrates the transmission of scrapie to a non-human primate
with a close genetic relationship to humans. This information is especially
useful to regulatory officials and those involved with risk assessment of the
potential transmission of animal prion diseases to humans. Technical Abstract:
Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is an animal prion disease
that also causes variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Over the past
decades, c-BSE's zoonotic potential has been the driving force in establishing
extensive protective measures for animal and human health.
*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are
susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct
transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year
incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a
prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres
throughout the CNS.
*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of
scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal
health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and
being eradicated.
*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective
measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to
assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.
2015
O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation
periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations
Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni,
Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys
Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies
reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The
transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that
an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the
absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a
transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are
reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD
summing 80% of human prion cases). Non-human primate models provided the first
evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic
potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for
BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their
phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to
assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid
origins even after very long silent incubation periods.
*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical
scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period,
***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD,
albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked
in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014),
***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE),
***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. We will present an
updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the
implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD
for human health.
===============
***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases***
===============
***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to
sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA
products are infectious to these animals.
==============
Tuesday, December 16, 2014
*** Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions
Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves
Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle
Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia
Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1,
Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature
Communications Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821
Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014
Article tools Citation Reprints Rights & permissions Article metrics
Abstract
Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant
Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie
prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the human
prion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the
capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human
prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to
confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie
prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to
that of cattle BSE.
***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led
to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing
sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans.
***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential
and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.
Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance
see more here ;
***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led
to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing
sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans.***
***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential
and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human
prions.***
why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $
5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely
create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for
man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large
enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough.
Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might
be best to retain that hypothesis.
snip...
R. BRADLEY
1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8
Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to
nonhuman primates.
Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.
Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep
and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were
exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known
infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed
to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus
of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the
two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively.
Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed
to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru
has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under
observation.
snip...
The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie
by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further
grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in
humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
PMID: 6997404
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract
Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is
transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been
transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977)
conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and
transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S.
Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit
scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human
or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is
emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical
to the once which characterise the human dementias"
Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be
transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory
personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat"
policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep
industry is not to suffer grievously.
snip...
76/10.12/4.6
Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.
Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.
Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0
Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK
National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey
(Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time
of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal
developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and
myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial
hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of
grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss
mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral
passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton,
Berkshire).
Saturday, April 23, 2016
SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016
Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online
*** Docket No. APHIS-2007-0127 Scrapie in Sheep and Goats Terry Singeltary
Sr. Submission ***
Docket No. APHIS-2007-0127 Scrapie in Sheep and Goats
SUMMARY: We are reopening the comment period for our proposed rule that
would revise completely the scrapie regulations, which concern the risk groups
and categories established for individual animals and for flocks, the use of
genetic testing as a means of assigning risk levels to animals, movement
restrictions for animals found to be genetically less susceptible or resistant
to scrapie, and recordkeeping requirements. This action will allow interested
persons additional time to prepare and submit comments.DATES: The comment period
for the proposed rule published on September 10, 2015 (80 FR 54660-54692) is
reopened. We will consider all comments that we receive on or before December 9,
2015. ...
Comment from Terry Singeltary This is a Comment on the Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Proposed Rule: Scrapie in Sheep and
Goats
For related information, Open Docket Folder Docket folder icon
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Show agency attachment(s) AttachmentsView All (0)
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Comment View document:Indeed, much science has changed about the Scrapie
TSE prion, including more science linking Scrapie to humans. sadly, politics,
industry, and trade, have not changed, and those usually trump sound science, as
is the case with all Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease
in livestock producing animals and the OIE. we can look no further at the legal
trading of the Scrapie TSE prion both typical and atypical of all strains, and
CWD all stains. With as much science of old, and now more new science to back
this up, Scrapie of all types i.e. atypical and typical, BSE all strains, and
CWD all strains, should be regulated in trade as BSE TSE PRION. In fact, I urge
APHIS et al and the OIE, and all trading partners to take heed to the latest
science on the TSE prion disease, all of them, and seriously reconsider the
blatant disregards for human and animal health, all in the name of trade, with
the continued relaxing of TSE Prion trade regulations through the 'NEGLIGIBLE
BSE RISK' PROGRAM, which was set up to fail in the first place. If the world
does not go back to the 'BSE RISK ASSESSMENTS', enhance, and or change that
assessment process to include all TSE prion disease, i.e. 'TSE RISK ASSESSMENT',
if we do not do this and if we continue this farce with OIE and the USDA et al,
and the 'NEGLIGIBLE BSE RISK' PROGRAM, we will never eradicate the TSE prion aka
mad cow type disease, they will continue to mutate and spread among species of
human and animal origin, and they will continue to kill. ...
please see ;
O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation
periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations
Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni,
Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys
Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies
reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The
transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that
an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the
absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a
transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are
reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD
summing 80% of human prion cases). Non-human primate models provided the first
evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic
potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for
BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their
phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to
assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid
origins even after very long silent incubation periods.
*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical
scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period,
***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD,
albeit requiring fourfold longe incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked
in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014),
***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE),
***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. We will present an
updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the
implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD
for human health.
===============
***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases***
===============
***This information will have a scientific impact since it is the first
study that demonstrates the transmission of scrapie to a non-human primate with
a close genetic relationship to humans. This information is especially useful to
regulatory officials and those involved with risk assessment of the potential
transmission of animal prion diseases to humans.
***This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of
scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal
health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and
being eradicated. Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and
protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission
studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.
please see file attachment for full submission and recent science and my
deep concerns on the TSE Prion disease... No documents available.
AttachmentsView All (1) scrapie-usa-blogspot-com View Attachment:
CWD to CJD in humans (why not?), as easy as BSE/Scrapie;
The EMBO Journal, Vol. 19, No. 17 pp. 4425-4430, 2000
© European Molecular Biology Organization
Evidence of a molecular barrier limiting susceptibility of humans, cattle
and sheep to chronic wasting disease
G.J. Raymond1, A. Bossers2, L.D. Raymond1, K.I. O?Rourke3,
L.E. McHolland4, P.K. Bryant III4, M.W. Miller5, E.S. Williams6, M.
Smits2
and B. Caughey1,7
1NIAID/NIH Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840,
3USDA/ARS/ADRU, Pullman, WA 99164-7030, 4USDA/ARS/ABADRL,
Laramie, WY 82071, 5Colorado Division of Wildlife, Wildlife Research
Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526-2097, 6Department of Veterinary
Sciences,
University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA and 2ID-Lelystad,
Institute for Animal Science and Health, Lelystad, The Netherlands
7Corresponding author e-mail: bcaughey@nih.gov Received June 7, 2000;
revised July 3, 2000; accepted July 5, 2000.
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
(TSE) of deer and elk, and little is known about its transmissibility to other
species. An important factor controlling interspecies TSE susceptibility is
prion protein (PrP) homology between the source and recipient species/genotypes.
Furthermore, the efficiency with which the protease-resistant PrP (PrP-res) of
one species induces the in vitro conversion of the normal PrP (PrP-sen) of
another species to the protease-resistant state correlates with the
cross-species transmissibility of TSE agents. Here we show that the
CWD-associated PrP-res (PrPCWD) of cervids readily induces the conversion of
recombinant cervid PrP-sen molecules to the protease-resistant state in
accordance with the known transmissibility of CWD between cervids. In contrast,
PrPCWD-induced conversions of human and bovine PrP-sen were much less efficient,
and conversion of ovine PrP-sen was intermediate. These results demonstrate a
barrier at the molecular level that should limit the susceptibility of these
non-cervid species to CWD.
snip...
Clearly, it is premature to draw firm conclusions about CWD passing
naturally into humans, cattle and sheep, but the present results suggest that
CWD transmissions to humans would be as limited by PrP incompatibility as
transmissions of BSE or sheep scrapie to humans. Although there is no evidence
that sheep scrapie has affected humans, it is likely that BSE has caused variant
CJD in 74 people (definite and probable variant CJD cases to date according to
the UK CJD Surveillance Unit). Given the presumably large number of people
exposed to BSE infectivity, the susceptibility of humans may still be very low
compared with cattle, which would be consistent with the relatively inefficient
conversion of human PrP-sen by PrPBSE. Nonetheless, since humans have apparently
been infected by BSE, it would seem prudent to take reasonable measures to limit
exposure of humans (as well as sheep and cattle) to CWD infectivity as has been
recommended for other animal TSEs.
snip...
Scrapie to Humans USA?
1: Neuroepidemiology. 1985;4(4):240-9. Related Articles,
Links
Sheep consumption: a possible source of spongiform encephalopathy in
humans.
Davanipour Z, Alter M, Sobel E, Callahan M.
A fatal spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats (scrapie) shares many
characteristics with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a similar dementing
illness of humans. To investigate the possibility that CJD is acquired by
ingestion of contaminated sheep products, we collected information on
production, slaughtering practices, and marketing of sheep in Pennsylvania. The
study revealed that sheep were usually marketed before central nervous system
signs of scrapie are expected to appear; breeds known to be susceptible to the
disease were the most common breeds raised in the area; sheep were imported from
other states including those with a high frequency of scrapie; use of veterinary
services on the sheep farms investigated and, hence, opportunities to detect the
disease were limited; sheep producers in the area knew little about scrapie
despite the fact that the disease has been reported in the area, and animal
organs including sheep organs were sometimes included in processed food.
Therefore, it was concluded that in Pennsylvania there are some 'weak links'
through which scrapie-infected animals could contaminate human food, and that
consumption of these foods could perhaps account for spongiform encephalopathy
in humans. The weak links observed are probably not unique to
Pennsylvania.
PMID: 3915057 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Saturday, July 6, 2013
*** Small Ruminant Nor98 Prions Share Biochemical Features with Human
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Disease and Variably Protease-Sensitive
Prionopathy
Research Article
Monday, December 14, 2009
Similarities between Forms of Sheep Scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Are Encoded by Distinct Prion Types
(hmmm, this is getting interesting now...TSS)
Sporadic CJD type 1 and atypical/ Nor98 scrapie are characterized by fine
(reticular) deposits,
see also ;
All of the Heidenhain variants were of the methionine/ methionine type 1
molecular subtype.
see full text ;
Monday, December 14, 2009
Similarities between Forms of Sheep Scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Are Encoded by Distinct Prion Types
Suspect symptoms
What if you can catch old-fashioned CJD by eating meat from a sheep
infected with scrapie?
28 Mar 01 Most doctors believe that sCJD is caused by a prion protein
deforming by chance into a killer. But Singeltary thinks otherwise. He is one of
a number of campaigners who say that some sCJD, like the variant CJD related to
BSE, is caused by eating meat from infected animals. Their suspicions have
focused on sheep carrying scrapie, a BSE-like disease that is widespread in
flocks across Europe and North America.
Now scientists in France have stumbled across new evidence that adds weight
to the campaigners' fears. To their complete surprise, the researchers found
that one strain of scrapie causes the same brain damage in mice as sCJD.
"This means we cannot rule out that at least some sCJD may be caused by
some strains of scrapie," says team member Jean-Philippe Deslys of the French
Atomic Energy Commission's medical research laboratory in Fontenay-aux-Roses,
south-west of Paris. Hans Kretschmar of the University of Göttingen, who
coordinates CJD surveillance in Germany, is so concerned by the findings that he
now wants to trawl back through past sCJD cases to see if any might have been
caused by eating infected mutton or lamb...
2001
Suspect symptoms
What if you can catch old-fashioned CJD by eating meat from a sheep
infected with scrapie?
28 Mar 01
Like lambs to the slaughter
31 March 2001
by Debora MacKenzie Magazine issue 2284.
FOUR years ago, Terry Singeltary watched his mother die horribly from a
degenerative brain disease. Doctors told him it was Alzheimer's, but Singeltary
was suspicious. The diagnosis didn't fit her violent symptoms, and he demanded
an autopsy. It showed she had died of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Most doctors believe that sCJD is caused by a prion protein deforming by
chance into a killer. But Singeltary thinks otherwise. He is one of a number of
campaigners who say that some sCJD, like the variant CJD related to BSE, is
caused by eating meat from infected animals. Their suspicions have focused on
sheep carrying scrapie, a BSE-like disease that is widespread in flocks across
Europe and North America.
Now scientists in France have stumbled across new evidence that adds weight
to the campaigners' fears. To their complete surprise, the researchers found
that one strain of scrapie causes the same brain damage in mice as sCJD.
"This means we cannot rule out that at least some sCJD may be caused by
some strains of scrapie," says team member Jean-Philippe Deslys of the French
Atomic Energy Commission's medical research laboratory in Fontenay-aux-Roses,
south-west of Paris. Hans Kretschmar of the University of Göttingen, who
coordinates CJD surveillance in Germany, is so concerned by the findings that he
now wants to trawl back through past sCJD cases to see if any might have been
caused by eating infected mutton or lamb.
Scrapie has been around for centuries and until now there has been no
evidence that it poses a risk to human health. But if the French finding means
that scrapie can cause sCJD in people, countries around the world may have
overlooked a CJD crisis to rival that caused by BSE.
Deslys and colleagues were originally studying vCJD, not sCJD. They
injected the brains of macaque monkeys with brain from BSE cattle, and from
French and British vCJD patients. The brain damage and clinical symptoms in the
monkeys were the same for all three. Mice injected with the original sets of
brain tissue or with infected monkey brain also developed the same
symptoms.
As a control experiment, the team also injected mice with brain tissue from
people and animals with other prion diseases: a French case of sCJD; a French
patient who caught sCJD from human-derived growth hormone; sheep with a French
strain of scrapie; and mice carrying a prion derived from an American scrapie
strain. As expected, they all affected the brain in a different way from BSE and
vCJD. But while the American strain of scrapie caused different damage from
sCJD, the French strain produced exactly the same pathology.
"The main evidence that scrapie does not affect humans has been
epidemiology," says Moira Bruce of the neuropathogenesis unit of the Institute
for Animal Health in Edinburgh, who was a member of the same team as Deslys.
"You see about the same incidence of the disease everywhere, whether or not
there are many sheep, and in countries such as New Zealand with no scrapie." In
the only previous comparisons of sCJD and scrapie in mice, Bruce found they were
dissimilar.
But there are more than 20 strains of scrapie, and six of sCJD. "You would
not necessarily see a relationship between the two with epidemiology if only
some strains affect only some people," says Deslys. Bruce is cautious about the
mouse results, but agrees they require further investigation. Other trials of
scrapie and sCJD in mice, she says, are in progress.
People can have three different genetic variations of the human prion
protein, and each type of protein can fold up two different ways. Kretschmar has
found that these six combinations correspond to six clinical types of sCJD: each
type of normal prion produces a particular pathology when it spontaneously
deforms to produce sCJD.
But if these proteins deform because of infection with a disease-causing
prion, the relationship between pathology and prion type should be different, as
it is in vCJD. "If we look at brain samples from sporadic CJD cases and find
some that do not fit the pattern," says Kretschmar, "that could mean they were
caused by infection."
There are 250 deaths per year from sCJD in the US, and a similar incidence
elsewhere. Singeltary and other US activists think that some of these people
died after eating contaminated meat or "nutritional" pills containing dried
animal brain. Governments will have a hard time facing activists like Singeltary
if it turns out that some sCJD isn't as spontaneous as doctors have
insisted.
Deslys's work on macaques also provides further proof that the human
disease vCJD is caused by BSE. And the experiments showed that vCJD is much more
virulent to primates than BSE, even when injected into the bloodstream rather
than the brain. This, says Deslys, means that there is an even bigger risk than
we thought that vCJD can be passed from one patient to another through
contaminated blood transfusions and surgical instruments.
Then follow up with PNAS studies from which new scientist article written
from;
Adaptation of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent to primates and
comparison with Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease: Implications for human health
THE findings from Corinne Ida Lasmézas*, [dagger] , Jean-Guy Fournier*,
Virginie Nouvel*,
Hermann Boe*, Domíníque Marcé*, François Lamoury*, Nicolas Kopp
[Dagger
] , Jean-Jacques Hauw§, James Ironside¶, Moira Bruce [||] , Dominique
Dormont*, and Jean-Philippe Deslys* et al, that The agent responsible for
French iatrogenic growth hormone-linked CJD taken as a control is very different
from vCJD but is similar to that found in one case of sporadic CJD and one sheep
scrapie isolate;
Comment from Terry Singeltary Sr.
This is a Comment on the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
(APHIS) Notice: Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposals,
Submissions, and Approvals: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of
Animals and Animal Products
Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation
of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission ;
AttachmentsView All (1)
Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation
of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission View Attachment:
Comment
Subject: BSE; MRR; IMPORTATION OF LIVE BOVINES AND PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM
BOVINES [Docket No. APHIS-2006-0041] RIN 0579-AC01
Date: January 9, 2007 at 9:08 am PST
Owens, Julie
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM
To: FSIS RegulationsComments
Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98
Comment from Terry S Singletary
This is a Comment on the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
(APHIS)
Proposed Rule: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions,
Identification of Ruminants and Processing and Importation of Commodities
For related information, Open Docket Folder Docket folder icon
Comment
see full text ;
FSIS, USDA, REPLY TO SINGELTARY
Comment from Terry Singeltary
This is a Comment on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Notice: Draft
Guidance for Industry on Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed
On-Farm; Availability
For related information, Open Docket Folder Docket folder icon
Comment from Terry Singeltary
This is a Comment on the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
(APHIS) Notice: Environmental Impact Statements; Availability, etc.: Animal
Carcass Management
Comment from Terry Singeltary
This is a Comment on the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
(APHIS) Proposed Rule: Scrapie in Sheep and Goats
For related information, Open Docket Folder Docket folder icon
please see ;
AttachmentsView All (1) scrapie-usa-blogspot-com View Attachment:
Comment from Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
This is a Comment on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Notice:
Risk Assessment of Foodborne Illness Associated With Pathogens From
Produce Grown in Fields Amended With Untreated Biological Soil Amendments of
Animal Origin; Request for Scientific Data, Information, and Comments
Comment from Terry Singeltary
This is a Comment on the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
(APHIS)
Notice: Program Standards: Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification
Program and Interstate Movement of Farmed or Captive Deer, Elk, and Moose
Comment
Docket No. 00-108-10 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program
and Interstate Movement of Farmed or Captive Deer, Elk, and Moose; Program
Standards
>>>The CWD herd certification program is a voluntary, cooperative
program that establishes minimum requirements for the interstate movement of
farmed or captive cervids, provisions for participating States to administer
Approved State CWD Herd Certification Programs, and provisions for participating
herds to become certified as having a low risk of being infected with
CWD<<<
Greetings USDA/APHIS et al,
I kindly would like to comment on Docket No. 00-108-10 Chronic Wasting
Disease Herd Certification Program and Interstate Movement of Farmed or Captive
Deer, Elk, and Moose; Program Standards.See attached file(s)
Attachments (1)
SINGELTARY SUBMISSION ATTACHMENT
View Attachment:
Comment from Terry Singeltary This is a Comment on the Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Proposed Rule: Chronic Wasting Disease Herd
Certification Program and Interstate Movement of Farmed or Captive Deer, Elk,
and Moose
Singeltary Submissions to Plos and Nature...
26/01/2016
*** Alzheimer-type brain pathology may be transmitted by grafts of dura
mater 26/01/2016 ***
I strenuously once again urge the FDA and its industry constituents, to
make it MANDATORY that all ruminant feed be banned to all ruminants, and this
should include all cervids as soon as possible for the following reasons...
======
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administrations BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system.
***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.
======
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT
*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? ***
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT
see Singeltary comment ;
*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics
of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;
26 March 2003
Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) CJD WATCH
The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 3, Issue 8, Page 463, August 2003
doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1Cite or Link Using DOI
Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America
Original
Xavier Bosch
“My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr,
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February
14, 2001 JAMA
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex
1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323.
2 January 2000
British Medical Journal
U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as
well
Tuesday, May 10, 2016
2015 PDA Virus & TSE Safety Forum Meeting Report
>>>Recently transmission of prions from blood of patients with
sporadic CJD to humanized mice could be demonstrated.<<<
>>>Further-on, urine samples of a control population (normal and
neurological population) showed no signal in the study; *** however, in samples
from patients with sporadic CJD and vCJD, a signal was detected in both patient
populations.<<<
Meeting Report: 2015 PDA Virus & TSE Safety Forum
Sunday, May 1, 2016
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research 25th Meeting of: The
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Advisory Committee June 1, 2015
Transcript
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
Saturday, April 23, 2016
v-CJD prion distribution in the tissues of patients at preclinical and
clinical stage of the disease
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. | 1:13 PM
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