Human and animal exposure risk related to Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) from milk and milk products derived from small ruminants
Opinions
Human and animal exposure risk related to Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) from milk and milk products derived from small ruminants Scientific opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards Question number: EFSA-Q-2008-310
Adopted date: 22 October 2008 Summary (0.1Mb)
Opinion (0.2Mb)
Summary
Following a request from the European Commission (EC), the Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the Human and animal exposure risk related to Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) from milk and milk products derived from small ruminants.
In a recent scientific article from Konold et al., published on 8 April 2008 in BMC Veterinary Research, on "Evidence of scrapie transmission via milk" it is concluded that: “…there is a risk of the transmission of scrapie from ewe to lamb via milk or colostrum. Infection of lambs via milk may result in shedding of the infectious agent into the environment…”.
The BIOHAZ Panel was invited to provide an opinion on the conclusions from the article of Konold et al. (2008), and if considered necessary, based on any additional available scientific data, to update the current risk assessments on the human and animal exposure related to Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) from milk and milk products derived from small ruminants.
When approaching the mandate the BIOHAZ Panel did not consider the zoonotic potential of small ruminant TSE agents. This aspect is considered in detail in previous EFSA documents[1],[2]. The TSE agents considered in the assessment were Classical scrapie, Atypical scrapie and BSE. Moreover, the assessment was performed employing mainly data from TSE in sheep, which were considered valid also for TSE in goats due to the lack of more specific data in that species.
The Panel considered valid the conclusion of the article of Konold et al. (2008). Expanding the article of Konold et al. (2008), another study from Lacroux et al. (2008) independently demonstrated that Classical scrapie can be transmitted from susceptible ewe to transgenic mice via colostrum and milk. It was emphasized that both studies were designed to achieve the highest possibility of transmission success and that this could differ from the field situation. The Panel noted that in both studies, milk from asymptomatic donor ewes transmitted disease, indicating that clinically healthy, Classical scrapie-incubating sheep may shed the causal agents of these TSEs in milk. Moreover, the level of prion infectivity in small ruminant milk could become higher during the course of mastitis but the somatic cell count was considered as an unreliable indicator for presence or absence of TSE infectivity in small ruminant milk.
The Panel concluded that the use of milk and milk products from a flock with Classical scrapie may carry a TSE exposure risk for humans and animals. Furthermore, the use of milk and milk products from the general small ruminant population may carry a TSE exposure risk for humans and animals due to the presence of undetected affected flocks in that population. However, because of the difference in scrapie prevalence between affected flocks and the general small ruminant population, the risk of exposure for humans and animals associated with milk and milk products from the general small ruminant population will be lower than the risk from detected scrapie affected flocks.
The Panel also concluded that the exposure to a Classical scrapie agent via milk of an infected animal can be estimated to be 4 to 5 logs10 lower than the infectivity found in the same weight of brainstem from a terminally affected animal, and 2 to 3 logs10 lower the than infectivity found in the same weight of lymphoid tissues from an animal incubating scrapie or from a clinically affected animal.
The BIOHAZ Panel further noted that no information is available concerning the presence of infectivity or PrPSc in colostrum or milk from small ruminants affected by Atypical scrapie or BSE. However, the Panel emphasized that due to the early and progressive peripheral tissue dissemination of the BSE agent in experimentally infected susceptible sheep, the occurrence of infectivity in colostrum and milk of BSE infected susceptible small ruminants would be likely. On the other hand, the apparent restricted dissemination of the agent of Atypical scrapie in affected individuals could limit its transmissibility through milk.
As there is large variation between MS in prevalence of scrapie and production of small ruminant milk, the human and animal exposure associated with small ruminant dairy products varies greatly between MS.
The Panel further concluded that breeding of sheep for relative resistance to Classical scrapie according to the previous EFSA opinion[3] can be expected to reduce human and animal exposure associated with small ruminant dairy products.
The Panel recommended to perform research in order to characterise the exposure risk via milk especially in Atypical scrapie and BSE in small ruminants, to investigate on the stability of prion infectivity in milk during further processing, and to obtain more data to confirm and expand the preliminary information available on the quantitation of infectivity levels in small ruminant milk fractions. ___________________________________ [1]Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards on certain aspects related to the risk of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) in ovine and caprine animals. The EFSA Journal (2007) 466, 1-10 [2] Scientific and technical clarification in the interpretation and consideration of some facets of the conclusions of its Opinion of 8 March 2007 on certain aspects related to the risk of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) in ovine and caprine animals. The EFSA Journal (2008) 626, 1-11 [3] Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards on “the breeding programme for TSE resistance in sheep”, The EFSA Journal (2006), 382, 1-46
Publication date: 6 November 2008
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/Scientific_Opinion/biohaz_op_ej849_tse_infectivity_summary_en,0.pdf?ssbinary=true
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/Scientific_Opinion/biohaz_op_ej849_tse_infectivity_en,0.pdf?ssbinary=true
Prion Protein in Milk Nicola Franscini1, Ahmed El Gedaily1, Ulrich Matthey1, Susanne Franitza1, Man-Sun Sy2, Alexander Bürkle3, Martin Groschup4, Ueli Braun5, Ralph Zahn1*
1 Alicon AG, Schlieren, Switzerland, 2 Institute of Pathology, Biomedical Research Building, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, 3 Lehrstuhl Molekulare Toxikologie, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany, 4 Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Greifswald, Gemany, 5 Departement für Nutztiere, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Abstract Background Prions are known to cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) after accumulation in the central nervous system. There is increasing evidence that prions are also present in body fluids and that prion infection by blood transmission is possible. The low concentration of the proteinaceous agent in body fluids and its long incubation time complicate epidemiologic analysis and estimation of spreading and thus the risk of human infection. This situation is particularly unsatisfactory for food and pharmaceutical industries, given the lack of sensitive tools for monitoring the infectious agent.
Methodology/Principal Findings We have developed an adsorption matrix, Alicon PrioTrap®, which binds with high affinity and specificity to prion proteins. Thus we were able to identify prion protein (PrPC)–the precursor of prions (PrPSc)–in milk from humans, cows, sheep, and goats. The absolute amount of PrPC differs between the species (from µg/l range in sheep to ng/l range in human milk). PrPC is also found in homogenised and pasteurised off-the-shelf milk, and even ultrahigh temperature treatment only partially diminishes endogenous PrPC concentration.
Conclusions/Significance In view of a recent study showing evidence of prion replication occurring in the mammary gland of scrapie infected sheep suffering from mastitis, the appearance of PrPC in milk implies the possibility that milk of TSE-infected animals serves as source for PrPSc.
Citation: Franscini N, Gedaily AE, Matthey U, Franitza S, Sy M-S, et al. (2006) Prion Protein in Milk. PLoS ONE 1(1): e71. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000071
Academic Editor: Matthew Baylis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
Received: October 19, 2006; Accepted: November 6, 2006; Published: December 20, 2006
Copyright: © 2006 Franscini et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: info@alicon.ch
http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=4BBFF07E478CCD52A627126F9BCC995A?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000071&representation=PDF
Saturday, April 12, 2008
Evidence of scrapie transmission via milk
Saturday, April 12, 2008 Evidence of scrapie transmission via milk
http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2008/04/evidence-of-scrapie-transmission-via.html
HAVE ANOTHER GLASS OF CWD PRIONS COURTESY Dane County Wisconsin Mike DiMaggio, solid waste manager
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/08/have-another-glass-of-cwd-prions.html
Friday, October 24, 2008
CBER 2007 Annual Report Assessing the Potential Risk of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease from Blood Products
http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2008/10/cber-2007-annual-report-assessing.html
TSS
Human and animal exposure risk related to Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) from milk and milk products derived from small ruminants Scientific opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards Question number: EFSA-Q-2008-310
Adopted date: 22 October 2008 Summary (0.1Mb)
Opinion (0.2Mb)
Summary
Following a request from the European Commission (EC), the Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the Human and animal exposure risk related to Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) from milk and milk products derived from small ruminants.
In a recent scientific article from Konold et al., published on 8 April 2008 in BMC Veterinary Research, on "Evidence of scrapie transmission via milk" it is concluded that: “…there is a risk of the transmission of scrapie from ewe to lamb via milk or colostrum. Infection of lambs via milk may result in shedding of the infectious agent into the environment…”.
The BIOHAZ Panel was invited to provide an opinion on the conclusions from the article of Konold et al. (2008), and if considered necessary, based on any additional available scientific data, to update the current risk assessments on the human and animal exposure related to Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) from milk and milk products derived from small ruminants.
When approaching the mandate the BIOHAZ Panel did not consider the zoonotic potential of small ruminant TSE agents. This aspect is considered in detail in previous EFSA documents[1],[2]. The TSE agents considered in the assessment were Classical scrapie, Atypical scrapie and BSE. Moreover, the assessment was performed employing mainly data from TSE in sheep, which were considered valid also for TSE in goats due to the lack of more specific data in that species.
The Panel considered valid the conclusion of the article of Konold et al. (2008). Expanding the article of Konold et al. (2008), another study from Lacroux et al. (2008) independently demonstrated that Classical scrapie can be transmitted from susceptible ewe to transgenic mice via colostrum and milk. It was emphasized that both studies were designed to achieve the highest possibility of transmission success and that this could differ from the field situation. The Panel noted that in both studies, milk from asymptomatic donor ewes transmitted disease, indicating that clinically healthy, Classical scrapie-incubating sheep may shed the causal agents of these TSEs in milk. Moreover, the level of prion infectivity in small ruminant milk could become higher during the course of mastitis but the somatic cell count was considered as an unreliable indicator for presence or absence of TSE infectivity in small ruminant milk.
The Panel concluded that the use of milk and milk products from a flock with Classical scrapie may carry a TSE exposure risk for humans and animals. Furthermore, the use of milk and milk products from the general small ruminant population may carry a TSE exposure risk for humans and animals due to the presence of undetected affected flocks in that population. However, because of the difference in scrapie prevalence between affected flocks and the general small ruminant population, the risk of exposure for humans and animals associated with milk and milk products from the general small ruminant population will be lower than the risk from detected scrapie affected flocks.
The Panel also concluded that the exposure to a Classical scrapie agent via milk of an infected animal can be estimated to be 4 to 5 logs10 lower than the infectivity found in the same weight of brainstem from a terminally affected animal, and 2 to 3 logs10 lower the than infectivity found in the same weight of lymphoid tissues from an animal incubating scrapie or from a clinically affected animal.
The BIOHAZ Panel further noted that no information is available concerning the presence of infectivity or PrPSc in colostrum or milk from small ruminants affected by Atypical scrapie or BSE. However, the Panel emphasized that due to the early and progressive peripheral tissue dissemination of the BSE agent in experimentally infected susceptible sheep, the occurrence of infectivity in colostrum and milk of BSE infected susceptible small ruminants would be likely. On the other hand, the apparent restricted dissemination of the agent of Atypical scrapie in affected individuals could limit its transmissibility through milk.
As there is large variation between MS in prevalence of scrapie and production of small ruminant milk, the human and animal exposure associated with small ruminant dairy products varies greatly between MS.
The Panel further concluded that breeding of sheep for relative resistance to Classical scrapie according to the previous EFSA opinion[3] can be expected to reduce human and animal exposure associated with small ruminant dairy products.
The Panel recommended to perform research in order to characterise the exposure risk via milk especially in Atypical scrapie and BSE in small ruminants, to investigate on the stability of prion infectivity in milk during further processing, and to obtain more data to confirm and expand the preliminary information available on the quantitation of infectivity levels in small ruminant milk fractions. ___________________________________ [1]Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards on certain aspects related to the risk of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) in ovine and caprine animals. The EFSA Journal (2007) 466, 1-10 [2] Scientific and technical clarification in the interpretation and consideration of some facets of the conclusions of its Opinion of 8 March 2007 on certain aspects related to the risk of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) in ovine and caprine animals. The EFSA Journal (2008) 626, 1-11 [3] Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards on “the breeding programme for TSE resistance in sheep”, The EFSA Journal (2006), 382, 1-46
Publication date: 6 November 2008
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/Scientific_Opinion/biohaz_op_ej849_tse_infectivity_summary_en,0.pdf?ssbinary=true
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/Scientific_Opinion/biohaz_op_ej849_tse_infectivity_en,0.pdf?ssbinary=true
Prion Protein in Milk Nicola Franscini1, Ahmed El Gedaily1, Ulrich Matthey1, Susanne Franitza1, Man-Sun Sy2, Alexander Bürkle3, Martin Groschup4, Ueli Braun5, Ralph Zahn1*
1 Alicon AG, Schlieren, Switzerland, 2 Institute of Pathology, Biomedical Research Building, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, 3 Lehrstuhl Molekulare Toxikologie, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany, 4 Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Greifswald, Gemany, 5 Departement für Nutztiere, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Abstract Background Prions are known to cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) after accumulation in the central nervous system. There is increasing evidence that prions are also present in body fluids and that prion infection by blood transmission is possible. The low concentration of the proteinaceous agent in body fluids and its long incubation time complicate epidemiologic analysis and estimation of spreading and thus the risk of human infection. This situation is particularly unsatisfactory for food and pharmaceutical industries, given the lack of sensitive tools for monitoring the infectious agent.
Methodology/Principal Findings We have developed an adsorption matrix, Alicon PrioTrap®, which binds with high affinity and specificity to prion proteins. Thus we were able to identify prion protein (PrPC)–the precursor of prions (PrPSc)–in milk from humans, cows, sheep, and goats. The absolute amount of PrPC differs between the species (from µg/l range in sheep to ng/l range in human milk). PrPC is also found in homogenised and pasteurised off-the-shelf milk, and even ultrahigh temperature treatment only partially diminishes endogenous PrPC concentration.
Conclusions/Significance In view of a recent study showing evidence of prion replication occurring in the mammary gland of scrapie infected sheep suffering from mastitis, the appearance of PrPC in milk implies the possibility that milk of TSE-infected animals serves as source for PrPSc.
Citation: Franscini N, Gedaily AE, Matthey U, Franitza S, Sy M-S, et al. (2006) Prion Protein in Milk. PLoS ONE 1(1): e71. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000071
Academic Editor: Matthew Baylis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
Received: October 19, 2006; Accepted: November 6, 2006; Published: December 20, 2006
Copyright: © 2006 Franscini et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: info@alicon.ch
http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=4BBFF07E478CCD52A627126F9BCC995A?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000071&representation=PDF
Saturday, April 12, 2008
Evidence of scrapie transmission via milk
Saturday, April 12, 2008 Evidence of scrapie transmission via milk
http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2008/04/evidence-of-scrapie-transmission-via.html
HAVE ANOTHER GLASS OF CWD PRIONS COURTESY Dane County Wisconsin Mike DiMaggio, solid waste manager
http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/08/have-another-glass-of-cwd-prions.html
Friday, October 24, 2008
CBER 2007 Annual Report Assessing the Potential Risk of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease from Blood Products
http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2008/10/cber-2007-annual-report-assessing.html
TSS
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