APHIS USDA National Scrapie Eradication Program February 2014 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2014
National Scrapie Eradication Program February 2014 Monthly Report Fiscal
Year 2014
Surveillance (Part 1)
Regulatory Scrapie Slaughter Surveillance (RSSS)*
RSSS started April 1, 2003. It is a targeted slaughter surveillance program
which is designed to identify infected flocks. Samples have been collected from
403,213 animals since April 1, 2003. There have been 470 NVSL confirmed positive
animals** (462 classical cases and 8 Nor98-like cases) since the beginning of
RSSS. As of November 30, 2013, 5,301 samples have been collected in FY 2014,
1,335 of which were from goats. As of February 28, 2014, 1 white-faced sheep has
tested positive for scrapie in FY 2014. The percentage of samples that have
tested positive for each face color from FY 2003 through FY 2014 is depicted in
Chart 3. In November 2013, administrative units within APHIS Veterinary Services
reorganized from 2 Regions to 6 Districts (Figure 1). Cumulative district sample
collection numbers are shown in Chart 4 and are based upon the State in which
the animal was tagged. The number of animals collected for FY 2014 by month and
by district where collected is shown in Chart 5. A monthly comparison of RSSS
collections by fiscal year is displayed in Chart 6. Chart 7 is a retrospective
6-month rolling average of the percent positive, black-faced sheep sampled at
RSSS collection sites.
*RSSS and On-farm surveillance data are not available for December through
February due to migration of these data to a new database.
**RSSS positives are reported based on collection date and may have been
confirmed after February 28, 2014.
Surveillance (Part 2)
On-Farm Surveillance*
Testing of animals in the field is an essential part of scrapie
surveillance, and it includes both regulatory field cases and live-animal
testing. As the National Scrapie Eradication Program moves closer towards
meeting the goal of identifying the last remaining cases of classical scrapie,
finding and testing all sheep and goats meeting targeted sampling criteria is
even more important. As of November 30, 2013, 439 sheep and 63 goats have been
tested on-farm for FY 2014. As of February 28, 2014, 15 sheep and 7 goats have
tested positive. The number of animals tested on-farm by month and by species
for FY 2014 is shown in Chart 8.
Total Animals Sampled for Scrapie Testing*
As of November 30, 2013, 5,803 animals have been sampled for scrapie
testing:
• 5,301 RSSS samples and 502 on-farm samples [includes regulatory testing
(necropsy and live-animal) and on-farm surveillance] (Chart 9);
• Of which 4,405 were sheep and 1,398 were goats.
Distribution of sampling by type (RSSS or on-farm) and by species is shown
in Chart 10.
*RSSS and On-farm surveillance data are not available for December through
February due to migration of these data to a new database.
Positive Cases and New Infected/Source Flocks
Positive Scrapie Cases
One positive white-faced sheep tested through RSSS has been reported in FY
2014.* Fifteen additional sheep (Finn sheep) from the flock of origin of the
RSSS positive also tested positive for scrapie (Table 1 and Figure 2).
The number of confirmed positive cases in goats since FY 2002 is 41. The
most recent cases were reported in February 2014; all animals were from the same
goat herd and were commingled with sheep in a previously identified infected
flock. (Table 1 and Figure 3).
Infected and Source Flocks
As of February 28, 2014, there were 4 flocks with an open infected or
source status
(Figure 4). Three new infected flocks and 1 new source flock have been
designated in 2014 (Figure 5). Six flocks have completed flock plans since the
beginning of FY 2014 (Figure 6). New infected and source statuses from FY 1997
to FY 2014 are depicted in Chart 2.
* Samples collected between October 1, 2013 and February 28, 2014 and
confirmed by March 17, 2014.
snip...
* Through November 30, 2013—Adjusted to exclude multiple positive animals
from the same flock. Does not include Nor98-like scrapie cases found through
RSSS (2 in FY 2007, 1 in FY 2008, 4 in FY 2010, 1 in FY 2011). The increase in
FY 2014 is not statistically meaningful due to small sample size.
snip...
Scrapie Confirmed Cases in FY 2014 As of February 28, 2014
STATE SHEEP GOATS RSSS On-Farm RSSS On-Farm
IA 0 0 0 7
NY 0 1 0 0
OH 1 14 0 0
TOTAL
ALL STATES 1 15 0 7
A Newsletter for the Iowa Sheep Industry December 2013
Iowa progress: Until this year, Iowa’s last case of Scrapie was found in
July 2010. This fall Iowa identified 1 new Source and 4 new infected flocks in
NW Iowa. The 4 Infected flocks occurred as a result of sales of breeding sheep
out of the Source flock to other sheep producers. Flock cleanup is ongoing in
these flocks. There have been a total of 82 sheep flocks in Iowa that have been
found to be infected with Scrapie since the accelerated National Scrapie
Eradication Program (NSEP) started in November 2001. In Fiscal Year 2005, Iowa
had a high of 15 newly found Source or Infected flocks.
The Revised SFCP, June 2013
Wednesday, January 18, 2012
BSE IN GOATS CAN BE MISTAKEN FOR SCRAPIE
February 1, 2012
posted January 18, 2012
BSE in goats can be mistaken for scrapie
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in goats could be misdiagnosed as scrapie
in the absence of appropriate discriminatory tests, and such misidentification
occurred at least once before such tests were developed, according to a report
released in December.
The article, "Isolation of prion with BSE properties from farmed goat"
(Emerging Infectious Diseases 2011;17:2253-2261), indicates BSE can affect small
ruminants under natural conditions and that the condition can be misdiagnosed.
The agent that causes scrapie is not known to infect humans, but consumption of
beef contaminated with the prions that cause BSE is connected with variant
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a neurodegenerative disorder in humans.
The report calls for continued extensive surveillance and breeding plans
to prevent BSE outbreaks among small ruminants. Such outbreaks could harm public
health.
The authors stated in the text that the misdiagnosis occurred in 1990 in
the United Kingdom. The case had been identified as suspected BSE in 2006
because differential immunohistochemical analysis of fixed brain tissue produced
a signature indistinguishable from BSE. The authors of the recent report used a
bioassay to confirm the BSE diagnosis.
The sample collected in 1990 was among 26 historic samples collected from
1984-2002, the report states.
The report indicates the U.K. goat and a goat in France found to have BSE
in 2005 both likely became infected through contaminated food supplements.
While BSE lesions are contained mainly within nervous tissue in cattle, the
report states "in small ruminants the BSE agent is widely distributed in
peripheral tissues and can be transmitted horizontally." Feed ban measures alone
would be insufficient for controlling a BSE outbreak in small ruminants,
according to the report.
"Also, it would be impossible to prevent BSE from entering the human food
chain through consumption of food products derived from small ruminants," the
report states.
Saturday, December 3, 2011
Isolation of Prion with BSE Properties from Farmed Goat
Volume 17, Number 12—December 2011
Research
Isolation of Prion with BSE Properties from Farmed Goat
John Spiropoulos , Richard Lockey, Rosemary E. Sallis, Linda A. Terry,
Leigh Thorne, Thomas M. Holder, Katy E. Beck, and Marion M. Simmons
Author affiliations: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency,
Weybridge, Surrey, UK
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative
diseases that include variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in
small ruminants, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. Scrapie
is not considered a public health risk, but BSE has been linked to variant
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Small ruminants are susceptible to BSE, and in 2005
BSE was identified in a farmed goat in France. We confirm another BSE case in a
goat in which scrapie was originally diagnosed and retrospectively identified as
suspected BSE. The prion strain in this case was further characterized by mouse
bioassay after extraction from formaldehyde-fixed brain tissue embedded in
paraffin blocks. Our data show that BSE can infect small ruminants under natural
conditions and could be misdiagnosed as scrapie. Surveillance should continue so
that another outbreak of this zoonotic transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
can be prevented and public health safeguarded.
snip...
Discussion
We confirmed that the agent responsible for TSE in a UK goat, which was
initially reported as scrapie in 1990 and subsequently as suspected BSE in 2006
(16), was a BSE agent. This conclusion was based on bioassay of nervous tissue
in mice demonstrating similarities of histopathologic lesions, PrPSc mapping in
the brain, and WB of PrPSc with those of mice inoculated with BSE from various
ovine, caprine, and bovine sources.
From a method perspective, the data suggest that AR, IP, and LP are not
optimal bioassay parameters for differentiating TSE sources during first passage
because they represent mean values derived from a group of animals that have
been inoculated with a specific source. Therefore, a substantial number of
animals must die of clinical TSE for these parameters to be meaningful. This
finding is a limiting factor in instances in which TSE is diagnosed in only a
few animals because of low titer, restricted permissiveness of specific TSE
strains in certain laboratory animals, or both. These limitations can be
overcome by application of IHC and WB to differentiate BSE from scrapie
confidently in individual mice on first passage. Use of IHC has shown that
different PrPSc deposits can be identified, and the distribution of each deposit
in the brain can be mapped (22,28,32). This approach generates high-resolution
data that appear to be specific to individual TSE strains.
The data show that the TSE agents in this study were not altered by the
adverse conditions applied to them during histologic procedures. However, titer
may decrease, suggesting that the effect of histologic processing is
quantitative not qualitative. Therefore, bioassay is a valid approach for
identifying BSE in archived histologic material when other techniques are not
applicable, as in the current study. Regarding the suitability of different
mouse lines for confirming BSE, our data show that any mouse line in which the
agent can propagate sufficiently is suitable. An additional requirement at a
practical level is the ability to characterize the agent on first passage. In
this respect, use of PrP-a mice is preferable because in addition to AR, IP,
histopathologic analysis, and PrPSc patterning, WB can also be applied to
diagnose BSE. In contrast, its application in PrP-b mice is less informative
(33).
These methods can also be applied to analyze bioassay data derived from
validated transgenic mouse lines that offer the advantage of higher AR and
decreased IP, provided that appropriate transgenic lines are selected and the
TSE source and the donor species under investigation are taken into
consideration. In this particular instance, our first choices would have been
the use of a mouse line overexpressing a bovine transgene in combination with 1
that overexpresses a caprine transgene. At initiation of the study, an
established bovinised line was not available to us, and the data generated from
the wild-type mice were considered sufficient to identify unequivocally the
agent strain. Caprine transgenic mouse lines are still under development and not
characterized or widely available. Instead, we used tg338 mice although they
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The 2 cases of naturally occurring BSE in small ruminants—the 1 reported
here and the 1 identified in France (15)—occurred in different countries, during
different time periods, and before strict BSE control measures were fully
implemented. Therefore, the most likely origin of these 2 cases would be
exposure to BSE-contaminated food supplements. Although in France goats
constitute 14.3% of the small ruminant population, in the United Kingdom they
account for only 0.3% of small ruminants. It is intriguing, therefore, that the
only naturally occurring BSE cases in small ruminants in France and particularly
in the United Kingdom were detected in goats and not in sheep, although they
have also been exposed to contaminated food supplements. A possible explanation
could be that goats are generally managed more intensively than sheep and thus
might have been exposed to higher doses of the infectious agent because of the
more frequent use of concentrates in intensive dairy farming. Similar
observations have been reported in cattle, in which the incidence of BSE was
significantly higher in dairy herds and in which management is much more
intensive than in beef herds (34). In the United Kingdom, most of the commercial
goat herds are kept for milk production in a typically intensive production
system, similar to dairy cattle.
The BSE case we have confirmed was 1 of 26 historic goat samples examined
in the United Kingdom collected during 1984–2002 (16,17). Since 1993, scrapie in
goats has been a notifiable disease in the United Kingdom, and since 2005,
samples from all suspected cases of TSE in small ruminants are required to be
tested for BSE-like features by using WB (19). No BSE cases have been
identified, although an intermediate case in a goat was reported and is under
investigation by bioassay for final resolution (35,36). This screening of brain
samples from all small ruminant cases offers reassurance that BSE is not present
in the contemporary small ruminant population. However, application of WB to
sheep experimentally co-infected with BSE and scrapie detected only the scrapie
agent (37). Also, in contrast to BSE, where infectivity is mainly confined to
the nervous system, in small ruminants the BSE agent is widely distributed in
peripheral tissues and can be transmitted horizontally (11,38). Therefore, feed
ban measures alone would be inadequate to control a BSE outbreak in small
ruminants. Also, it would be impossible to prevent BSE from entering the human
food chain through consumption of food products derived from small ruminants.
Because TSEs in goats are still a problem, particularly in Mediterranean
countries, our data suggest that extensive surveillance and breeding schemes
must remain in place to prevent a BSE outbreak in small ruminants and to
safeguard public health. This report also highlights several issues regarding
the use of mouse bioassay to identify TSE strains. As governing bodies seek
confirmation of equivocal cases that are identified worldwide, they must be
aware of the limitations, cost, and timescale demands of confirming such cases.
Dr Spiropoulos is a veterinary researcher at Veterinary Laboratories Agency
with a particular interest in animal pathology. He is the head of the Mouse
Bioassay Team that specializes in pathology of experimental animals. His
research interests include neurodegenerative disorders and animal diseases of
policy relevance, particularly zoonoses.
Acknowledgments
We thank John Sheehan for tissue retrieval from wax-impregnated tissue
blocks; Angel Ortiz-Pelaez for epidemiologic assistance; histopathology
employees at Veterinary Laboratories Agency for expert technical support in
histopathology and immunohistochemistry; and Animal Services Unit employees at
Veterinary Laboratories Agency for expert support with animal procedures and
care.
This work was supported by a Department of Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs grant (project SE1849).
Saturday, December 3, 2011
Isolation of Prion with BSE Properties from Farmed Goat Volume 17, Number
12—December 2011
snip...
Scrapie Nor-98 like case in California FY 2011 AS of December 31, 2010.
Scrapie cases in goats FY 2002 - 2011 AS of December 31, 2010 Total goat
cases = 21 Scrapie cases, 0 Nor-98 like Scrapie cases (21 field cases, 0 RSSS
cases)
Last herd with infected goats disignated in FY 2008 Michigan 8 cases
UPDATE PLEASE NOTE ;
AS of June 30, 2011,
snip...
INCLUDING 10 POSITIVE GOATS FROM THE SAME HERD (FIGURE 7).
snip...
see updated APHIS scrapie report ;
Tuesday, February 01, 2011
Sparse PrP-Sc accumulation in the placentas of goats with naturally
acquired scrapie
Research article
snip...
Date: Tuesday, February 01, 2011 5:03 PM
To: Mr Terry Singeltary
Subject: Your comment on BMC Veterinary Research 2011, 7:7
Dear Mr Singeltary
Thank you for contributing to the discussion of BMC Veterinary Research
2011, 7:7 .
Your comment will be posted within 2 working days, as long as it
contributes to the topic under discussion and does not breach patients'
confidentiality or libel anyone. You will receive a further notification by
email when the posting appears on the site or if it is rejected by the
moderator.
Your posting will read:
Mr Terry Singeltary, retired Scrapie cases Goats from same herd USA
Michigan
Comment: " In spite of the poorly defined effects of PRNP genetics, scrapie
strain, dose, route and source of infection, the caprine placenta may represent
a source of infection to progeny and herd mates as well as a source of
persistent environmental contamination. "
Could this route of infection be the cause of the many cases of Goat
scrapie from the same herd in Michigan USA ?
Has this been investigated ?
(Figure 6) including five goat cases in FY 2008 that originated from the
same herd in Michigan. This is highly unusual for goats, and I strenuously urge
that there should be an independent investigation into finding the common
denominator for these 5 goats in the same herd in Michigan with Scrapie. ...
Kind Regards, Terry
Thursday, January 07, 2010
Scrapie and Nor-98 Scrapie November 2009 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2010
and FISCAL YEAR 2008
In FY 2010, 72 cases of classical Scrapie and 5 cases of Nor-98 like
Scrapie were confirmed...
Scrapie Nor-98 like case in California FY 2011 AS of December 31, 2010.
Scrapie cases in goats FY 2002 - 2011 AS of December 31, 2010 Total goat
cases = 21 Scrapie cases, 0 Nor-98 like Scrapie cases (21 field cases, 0 RSSS
cases)
Last herd with infected goats disignated in FY 2008 Michigan 8 cases
Thursday, November 18, 2010
Increased susceptibility of human-PrP transgenic mice to bovine spongiform
encephalopathy following passage in sheep
Monday, November 30, 2009
USDA AND OIE COLLABORATE TO EXCLUDE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE NOR-98 ANIMAL HEALTH
CODE
atypical scrapie just MAY be contagious, and MAY, IN FACT, NOT be a
spontaneous degenerative condition of older sheep, AND with science transmission
studies to date, there is more evidence that typical scrapie MAY transmit to
man. and to imagine that the USDA and the OIE now base their scientific human
and animal risk factors on MAY FACTORS, is really unbelieveable, unacceptable,
and shows just how corrupt this global TSE livestock food system is, thanks to
the OIE and the USDA. ...TSS
P03.141
Aspects of the Cerebellar Neuropathology in Nor98
Gavier-Widén, D1; Benestad, SL2; Ottander, L1; Westergren, E1 1National
Veterinary Insitute, Sweden; 2National Veterinary Institute,
Norway Nor98 is a prion disease of old sheep and goats. This atypical form
of scrapie was first described in Norway in 1998. Several features of Nor98 were
shown to be different from classical scrapie including the distribution of
disease associated prion protein (PrPd) accumulation in the brain. The
cerebellum is generally the most affected brain area in Nor98. The study here
presented aimed at adding information on the neuropathology in the cerebellum of
Nor98 naturally affected sheep of various genotypes in Sweden and Norway. A
panel of histochemical and immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings such as IHC for
PrPd, synaptophysin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, amyloid, and cell markers
for phagocytic cells were conducted. The type of histological lesions and tissue
reactions were evaluated. The types of PrPd deposition were characterized. The
cerebellar cortex was regularly affected, even though there was a variation in
the severity of the lesions from case to case. Neuropil vacuolation was more
marked in the molecular layer, but affected also the granular cell layer. There
was a loss of granule cells. Punctate deposition of PrPd was characteristic. It
was morphologically and in distribution identical with that of synaptophysin,
suggesting that PrPd accumulates in the synaptic structures. PrPd was also
observed in the granule cell layer and in the white matter. The pathology
features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep showed similarities
with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.
***The pathology features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep
showed similarities with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.
PR-26
NOR98 SHOWS MOLECULAR FEATURES REMINISCENT OF GSS
R. Nonno1, E. Esposito1, G. Vaccari1, E. Bandino2, M. Conte1, B.
Chiappini1, S. Marcon1, M. Di Bari1, S.L. Benestad3, U. Agrimi1 1 Istituto
Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health,
Rome, Italy (romolo.nonno@iss.it); 2 Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sardegna,
Sassari, Italy; 3 National Veterinary Institute, Department of Pathology, Oslo,
Norway
Molecular variants of PrPSc are being increasingly investigated in sheep
scrapie and are generally referred to as "atypical" scrapie, as opposed to
"classical scrapie". Among the atypical group, Nor98 seems to be the best
identified. We studied the molecular properties of Italian and Norwegian Nor98
samples by WB analysis of brain homogenates, either untreated, digested with
different concentrations of proteinase K, or subjected to enzymatic
deglycosylation. The identity of PrP fragments was inferred by means of
antibodies spanning the full PrP sequence. We found that undigested brain
homogenates contain a Nor98-specific PrP fragment migrating at 11 kDa (PrP11),
truncated at both the C-terminus and the N-terminus, and not N-glycosylated.
After mild PK digestion, Nor98 displayed full-length PrP (FL-PrP) and
N-glycosylated C-terminal fragments (CTF), along with increased levels of PrP11.
Proteinase K digestion curves (0,006-6,4 mg/ml) showed that FL-PrP and CTF are
mainly digested above 0,01 mg/ml, while PrP11 is not entirely digested even at
the highest concentrations, similarly to PrP27-30 associated with classical
scrapie. Above 0,2 mg/ml PK, most Nor98 samples showed only PrP11 and a fragment
of 17 kDa with the same properties of PrP11, that was tentatively identified as
a dimer of PrP11. Detergent solubility studies showed that PrP11 is insoluble in
2% sodium laurylsorcosine and is mainly produced from detergentsoluble,
full-length PrPSc. Furthermore, among Italian scrapie isolates, we found that a
sample with molecular and pathological properties consistent with Nor98 showed
plaque-like deposits of PrPSc in the thalamus when the brain was analysed by
PrPSc immunohistochemistry. Taken together, our results show that the
distinctive pathological feature of Nor98 is a PrP fragment spanning amino acids
~ 90-155. This fragment is produced by successive N-terminal and C-terminal
cleavages from a full-length and largely detergent-soluble PrPSc, is produced in
vivo and is extremely resistant to PK digestion.
*** Intriguingly, these conclusions suggest that some pathological
features of Nor98 are reminiscent of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease.
119
A newly identified type of scrapie agent can naturally infect sheep with
resistant PrP genotypes
Annick Le Dur*,?, Vincent Béringue*,?, Olivier Andréoletti?, Fabienne
Reine*, Thanh Lan Laï*, Thierry Baron§, Bjørn Bratberg¶, Jean-Luc Vilotte?,
Pierre Sarradin**, Sylvie L. Benestad¶, and Hubert Laude*,? +Author Affiliations
*Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires and ?Génétique Biochimique et
Cytogénétique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350
Jouy-en-Josas, France; ?Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la
Recherche Agronomique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions Hôte
Agent Pathogène, 31066 Toulouse, France; §Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire
des Aliments, Unité Agents Transmissibles Non Conventionnels, 69364 Lyon,
France; **Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, Institut National de la
Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France; and ¶Department of Pathology,
National Veterinary Institute, 0033 Oslo, Norway
***Edited by Stanley B. Prusiner, University of California, San Francisco,
CA (received for review March 21, 2005)
Abstract Scrapie in small ruminants belongs to transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, a family of fatal neurodegenerative
disorders that affect humans and animals and can transmit within and between
species by ingestion or inoculation. Conversion of the host-encoded prion
protein (PrP), normal cellular PrP (PrPc), into a misfolded form, abnormal PrP
(PrPSc), plays a key role in TSE transmission and pathogenesis. The intensified
surveillance of scrapie in the European Union, together with the improvement of
PrPSc detection techniques, has led to the discovery of a growing number of
so-called atypical scrapie cases. These include clinical Nor98 cases first
identified in Norwegian sheep on the basis of unusual pathological and PrPSc
molecular features and "cases" that produced discordant responses in the rapid
tests currently applied to the large-scale random screening of slaughtered or
fallen animals. Worryingly, a substantial proportion of such cases involved
sheep with PrP genotypes known until now to confer natural resistance to
conventional scrapie. Here we report that both Nor98 and discordant cases,
including three sheep homozygous for the resistant PrPARR allele (A136R154R171),
efficiently transmitted the disease to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP, and
that they shared unique biological and biochemical features upon propagation in
mice.
*** These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent,
unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have
important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health.
Monday, December 1, 2008
When Atypical Scrapie cross species barriers
Authors
Andreoletti O., Herva M. H., Cassard H., Espinosa J. C., Lacroux C., Simon
S., Padilla D., Benestad S. L., Lantier F., Schelcher F., Grassi J., Torres, J.
M., UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse.France;
ICISA-INlA, Madrid, Spain; CEA, IBiTec-5, DSV, CEA/Saclay, Gif sur Yvette cedex,
France; National Veterinary Institute, Postboks 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway,
INRA IASP, Centre INRA de Tours, 3738O Nouzilly, France.
Content
Atypical scrapie is a TSE occurring in small ruminants and harbouring
peculiar clinical, epidemiological and biochemical properties. Currently this
form of disease is identified in a large number of countries. In this study we
report the transmission of an atypical scrapie isolate through different species
barriers as modeled by transgenic mice (Tg) expressing different species PRP
sequence.
The donor isolate was collected in 1995 in a French commercial sheep
flock. inoculation into AHQ/AHQ sheep induced a disease which had all
neuro-pathological and biochemical characteristics of atypical scrapie.
Transmitted into Transgenic mice expressing either ovine or PrPc, the isolate
retained all the described characteristics of atypical scrapie.
Surprisingly the TSE agent characteristics were dramatically different
v/hen passaged into Tg bovine mice. The recovered TSE agent had biological and
biochemical characteristics similar to those of atypical BSE L in the same mouse
model. Moreover, whereas no other TSE agent than BSE were shown to transmit into
Tg porcine mice, atypical scrapie was able to develop into this model, albeit
with low attack rate on first passage.
Furthermore, after adaptation in the porcine mouse model this prion showed
similar biological and biochemical characteristics than BSE adapted to this
porcine mouse model. Altogether these data indicate.
*** (i) the unsuspected potential abilities of atypical scrapie to cross
species barriers
*** (ii) the possible capacity of this agent to acquire new characteristics
when crossing species barrier
These findings raise some interrogation on the concept of TSE strain and on
the origin of the diversity of the TSE agents and could have consequences on
field TSE control measures.
why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $
5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely
create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for
man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large
enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough.
Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might
be best to retain that hypothesis.
snip...
R. BRADLEY
1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8
Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to
nonhuman primates.
Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.
Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep
and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were
exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known
infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed
to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus
of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the
two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively.
Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed
to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru
has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under
observation.
snip...
The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie
by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further
grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in
humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
PMID: 6997404
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract
Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is
transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been
transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977)
conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and
transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S.
Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit
scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human
or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is
emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical
to the once which characterise the human dementias"
Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be
transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory
personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat"
policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep
industry is not to suffer grievously.
snip...
76/10.12/4.6
Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.
Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.
Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0
Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK
National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey
(Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time
of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal
developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and
myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial
hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of
grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss
mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral
passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton,
Berkshire).
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
IN CONFIDENCE
SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES
IN CONFIDENCE
Sunday, December 12, 2010
EFSA reviews BSE/TSE infectivity in small ruminant tissues News Story 2
December 2010
Sunday, April 18, 2010
SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION STUDIES A REVIEW 2010
Thursday, December 23, 2010
Molecular Typing of Protease-Resistant Prion Protein in Transmissible
Spongiform Encephalopathies of Small Ruminants, France, 2002-2009
Volume 17, Number 1 January 2011
Thursday, November 18, 2010
Increased susceptibility of human-PrP transgenic mice to bovine spongiform
encephalopathy following passage in sheep
Monday, April 25, 2011
Experimental Oral Transmission of Atypical Scrapie to Sheep
Volume 17, Number 5-May 2011
Friday, February 11, 2011
Atypical/Nor98 Scrapie Infectivity in Sheep Peripheral Tissues
Thursday, March 29, 2012
atypical Nor-98 Scrapie has spread from coast to coast in the USA 2012
NIAA Annual Conference April 11-14, 2011San Antonio, Texas
Sporadic CJD type 1 and atypical/ Nor98 scrapie are characterized by fine
(reticular) deposits, see also ; All of the Heidenhain variants were of the
methionine/ methionine type 1 molecular subtype.
Tuesday, July 29, 2008
Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease Case Report
snip...
Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease autopsy case report
'MOM' DIVISION OF NEUROPATHOLOGY University of Texas Medical Branch 114
McCullough Bldg. Galveston, Texas 77555-0785 FAX COVER SHEET DATE: 4-23-98 TO:
Mr. Terry Singeltary @
-------
FROM: Gerald Campbell FAX: (409) 772-5315 PHONE: (409) 772-2881 Number of
Pages (including cover sheet): Message: *CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE* This document
accompanying this transmission contains confidential information belonging to
the sender that is legally privileged. This information is intended only for the
use of the individual or entry names above. If you are not the intended
recipient, you are hereby notified that any disclosure, copying distribution, or
the taking of any action in reliances on the contents of this telefaxed
information is strictly prohibited. If you received this telefax in error,
please notify us by telephone immediately to arrange for return of the original
documents. ---------------
-----------
Patient Account: 90000014-518 Med. Rec. No.: (0160)118511Q Patient Name:
POULTER, BARBARA Age: 63 YRS DOB: 10/17/34 Sex: F Admitting Race: C Attending
Dr.: Date / Time Admitted : 12/14/97 1228 Copies to: UTMB University of Texas
Medical Branch Galveston, Texas 77555-0543 (409) 772-1238 Fax (409) 772-5683
Pathology Report FINAL AUTOPSY DIAGNOSIS Autopsy' Office (409)772-2858 Autopsy
NO.: AU-97-00435 AUTOPSY INFORMATION: Occupation: Unknown Birthplace: Unknown
Residence: Crystal Beach Date/Time of Death: 12/14/97 13:30 Date/Time of
Autopsy: 12/15/97 15:00 Pathologist/Resident: Pencil/Fernandez Service: Private
Restriction: Brain only FINAL AUTOPSY DIAGNOSIS I. Brain: Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease, Heidenhain variant.
snip...see full text ;
P.5.21 Parallels between different forms of sheep scrapie and types of
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Wiebke M. Wemheuer1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Arne Wrede1, Wilhelm E.
Wemheuer3, Tatjana Pfander1, Bjørn Bratberg2, Bertram Brenig3,Walter J.
Schulz-Schaeffer1 1University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany; 2Institute of
Veterinary Medicine Oslo, Norway; 3Institute of Veterinary Medicine Goettingen,
Germany
Background: Scrapie in sheep and goats is often regarded as the archetype
of prion diseases. In 1998, a new form of scrapie - atypical/Nor98 scrapie - was
described that differed from classical scrapie in terms of epidemiology, Western
blot profile, the distribution of pathological prion protein (PrPSc) in the body
and its stability against proteinase K. In a similar way, distinct disease types
exist in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). They differ with regard to
their clinical outcome, Western blot profile and PrPSc deposition pattern in the
central nervous system (CNS).
Objectives: The comparison of PrPSc deposits in sheep scrapie and human
sporadic CJD. Methods: Tissues of the CNS of sheep with classical scrapie, sheep
with atypical/Nor98 scrapie and 20 patients with sporadic CJD were examined
using the sensitive Paraffin Embedded Tissue (PET) blot method. The results were
compared with those obtained by immunohistochemistry. With the objective of
gaining information on the protein conformation, the PrPSc of classical and
atypical/Nor98 sheep scrapie and sporadic CJD was tested for its stability
against denaturation with guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) using a Membrane
Adsorption Assay.
Results: The PrPSc of atypical/Nor98 scrapie cases and of CJD prion type 1
patients exhibits a mainly reticular/synaptic deposition pattern in the brain
and is relatively sensitive to denaturation with GdnHCl. In contrast classical
scrapie cases and CJD prion type 2 patients have a more complex PrPSc deposition
pattern in common that consists of larger PrPSc aggregates and the PrPSc itself
is comparatively stable against denaturation.
Discussion: The similarity between CJD types and scrapie types indicates
that at least two comparable forms of the misfolded prion protein exist beyond
species barriers and can elicit prion diseases. It seems therefore reasonable to
classify classical and atypical/Nor98 scrapie - in analogy to the existing CJD
types - as different scrapie types.
Monday, December 1, 2008
When Atypical Scrapie cross species barriers
Thursday, December 20, 2012
OIE GROUP RECOMMENDS THAT SCRAPE PRION DISEASE BE DELISTED, WISHES TO
CONTINUE SPREADING IT AROUND THE GLOBE
Monday, November 30, 2009
USDA AND OIE COLLABORATE TO EXCLUDE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE NOR-98 ANIMAL HEALTH
CODE, DOES NOT SURPRISE ME $
Wednesday, December 4, 2013
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Bovines and Bovine
Products; Final Rule Federal Register / Vol. 78 , No. 233 / Wednesday, December
4, 2013 TO ALL IMPORTING COUNTRIES THAT IMPORTS FROM THE USA, BE WARNED, NEW MAD
COW BSE REGULATIONS USDA, AND OIE, not worth the paper the regulations were
wrote on, kind of like the mad cow feed ban of August 1997, nothing but ink on
paper $$$
full text ;
IN A NUT SHELL ; (Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23
May 2006) 11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate
declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries. The
OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status
based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other
significant events that were not promptly reported to the Central Bureau,
Thursday, May 30, 2013
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has upgraded the United States'
risk classification for mad cow disease to "negligible" from "controlled", and
risk further exposing the globe to the TSE prion mad cow type disease U.S. gets
top mad-cow rating from international group and risk further exposing the globe
to the TSE prion mad cow type disease
Wednesday, January 18, 2012
BSE IN GOATS CAN BE MISTAKEN FOR SCRAPIE
*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD.
The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr.
Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at
this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had
previously been occupied by sheep. ...
also, see where even decades back, the USDA had the same thought as they do
today with CWD, not their problem...see page 27 below as well, where USDA stated
back then, the same thing they stated in the state of Pennsylvania, not their
damn business, once they escape, and they said the same thing about CWD in
general back then ;
”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations
in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the
respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as
a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific
research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and
consequently not their province!” ...page 26.
”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations
in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the
respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as
a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific
research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and
consequently not their province!” ...page 26.
sound familiar $$$
Sunday, January 06, 2013
USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE
*** "it‘s no longer its business.”
now, decades later ;
2012
PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed
deer
Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture;
Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA
snip...
The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the
manifestation of CWD and scrapie in WTD after IC inoculation including early and
widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical signs of depression
and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation time of 21-23 months.
Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from the obex region have a
molecular profile similar to CWD and distinct from tissues of the cerebrum or
the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic and IHC examination
indicate that there are differences between the lesions expected in CWD and
those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were not noted in any
sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of immunoreactivity
by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like.
*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to
scrapie.
Deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were
necropsied from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for
PrPSc by IHC and WB. Similar to IC inoculated deer, samples from these deer
exhibited two different molecular profiles: samples from obex resembled CWD
whereas those from cerebrum were similar to the original scrapie inoculum. On
further examination by WB using a panel of antibodies, the tissues from deer
with scrapie exhibit properties differing from tissues either from sheep with
scrapie or WTD with CWD. Samples from WTD with CWD or sheep with scrapie are
strongly immunoreactive when probed with mAb P4, however, samples from WTD with
scrapie are only weakly immunoreactive. In contrast, when probed with mAb’s 6H4
or SAF 84, samples from sheep with scrapie and WTD with CWD are weakly
immunoreactive and samples from WTD with scrapie are strongly positive. This
work demonstrates that WTD are highly susceptible to sheep scrapie, but on first
passage, scrapie in WTD is differentiable from CWD.
2011
*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were
susceptible to scrapie.
Scrapie in Deer: Comparisons and Contrasts to Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)
Justin J. Greenlee of the Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National
Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, IA
snip...
This highlights the facts that
1) prior to the onset of clinical signs PrPSc is widely distributed in the
CNS and lymphoid tissues and
2) currently used diagnostic methods are sufficient to detect PrPSc prior
to the onset of clinical signs.
The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the
manifestation of CWD and scrapie in white-tailed deer after IC inoculation
including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical
signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation
time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from
the obex region have a molecular profile consistent with CWD and distinct from
tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic
and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions
expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were
not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of
immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like. After a natural
route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were susceptible to scrapie. Deer
developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied
from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for scrapie by
IHC and WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity included brain, tonsil,
retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node, Peyer’s patches, and
spleen. While two WB patterns have been detected in brain regions of deer
inoculated by the natural route, unlike the IC inoculated deer, the pattern
similar to the scrapie inoculum predominates.
2011 Annual Report
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research
Unit
2011 Annual Report
In Objective 1, Assess cross-species transmissibility of transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in livestock and wildlife, numerous
experiments assessing the susceptibility of various TSEs in different host
species were conducted. Most notable is deer inoculated with scrapie, which
exhibits similarities to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer suggestive of
sheep scrapie as an origin of CWD.
snip...
4. Accomplishments
1. Deer inoculated with domestic isolates of sheep scrapie.
Scrapie-affected deer exhibit 2 different patterns of disease associated prion
protein. In some regions of the brain the pattern is much like that observed for
scrapie, while in others it is more like chronic wasting disease (CWD), the
transmissible spongiform encephalopathy typically associated with deer.
his work conducted by ARS scientists at the National Animal Disease Center,
Ames, IA suggests that an interspecies transmission of sheep scrapie to deer may
have been the origin of CWD. This is important for husbandry practices with both
captive deer, elk and sheep for farmers and ranchers attempting to keep their
herds and flocks free of CWD and scrapie.
White-tailed Deer are Susceptible to Scrapie by Natural Route of Infection
Jodi D. Smith, Justin J. Greenlee, and Robert A. Kunkle; Virus and Prion
Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS
snip...
This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are
susceptible to sheep scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation.
In-depth analysis of tissues will be done to determine similarities between
scrapie in deer after intracranial and oral/intranasal inoculation and chronic
wasting disease resulting from similar routes of inoculation.
see full text ;
Thursday, March 20, 2014
*** CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION OF CERVID AND THE POTENTIAL FOR
HUMAN TRANSMISSION THEREFROM 2014
Saturday, March 15, 2014
*** Potential role of soil properties in the spread of CWD in western
Canada
Friday, February 08, 2013
*** Behavior of Prions in the Environment: Implications for Prion Biology
Friday, December 14, 2012
DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced
into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012
snip...
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a
requirement by law.
Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:
1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD
eradication zones and
2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to
slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.
Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive
animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.
The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from
the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES.
It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin
processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.
Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible
risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk
protein is imported into GB.
There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data
on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these
products.
snip...
36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of
deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of
Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).
The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and
behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition,
signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a
fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an
altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids
experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB,
for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate
if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the
human food-chain via affected venison.
snip...
The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and
can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).
snip...
In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil
and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a
bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are
present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with
CWD prion.
snip...
In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving
between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling
to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing,
footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible.
For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the
increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant
uncertainty associated with these estimates.
snip...
Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher
probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer
given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists
and returning GB residents.
snip...
Saturday, November 2, 2013
APHIS Finalizes Bovine Import Regulations in Line with International Animal
Health Standards while enhancing the spread of BSE TSE prion mad cow type
disease around the Globe
Tuesday, March 5, 2013
Use of Materials Derived From Cattle in Human Food and Cosmetics; Reopening
of the Comment Period FDA-2004-N-0188-0051 (TSS SUBMISSION)
FDA believes current regulation protects the public from BSE but reopens
comment period due to new studies
Tuesday, March 11, 2014
Science and Technology Committee Oral evidence: Blood, tissue and organ
screening, HC 990 Wednesday 5 March 2014 SPORADIC CJD
Actually, it is nearer 2 per million per year of the population will
develop sporadic CJD, but your lifetime risk of developing sporadic CJD is about
1 in 30,000. So that has not really changed. When people talk about 1 per
million, often they interpret that as thinking it is incredibly rare. They think
they have a 1-in-a-million chance of developing this disease. You haven’t.
You’ve got about a 1-in-30,000 chance of developing it.
*** Because typical clinical signs of BSE cannot always be observed in
nonambulatory disabled cattle, and because evidence has indicated these cattle
are more likely to have BSE than apparently healthy cattle, FDA is designating
material from nonambulatory disabled cattle as prohibited cattle materials.
*** And Terry, I promised the editor you would respond so thanks for
backing my prediction up. I have read your tripe before so did not reread the
whole thing. but your point about the age of the cattle takes on the scientific
regulatory bodies of every country but one that exports US beef. They all, but
one, agree that meat from cattle under 30 months of age carries zero risk of BSE
prions. 1 △ ▽ • Reply • Share ›
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. > doc raymond • a month ago
Dr. Richard Raymond Sir, I only reply when you are scientifically wrong. I
commented today, because again, you were scientifically wrong, and I proved it
again, with scientific facts to back it up. sorry if that upsets you. you can
fool some of the folks some of the time, but not all of us all the time. you
either blatantly lied in your editorial, or you are grossly uninformed, time and
time again. I think the public can take their pick on that, and in both cases,
and they would be correct in both cases, in my opinion. you have a nice day sir.
...kind regards, terry
kind regards, terry
What is a Downer Calf?
By Dr. Richard Raymond | February 21, 2014
see full text Dr. Richard Raymond vs Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
Monday, March 10, 2014
Investigators study silent variant of mad cow disease Galveston Daily News
March 4, 2014
Thursday, February 20, 2014
*** Unnecessary precautions BSE MAD COW DISEASE Dr. William James FSIS VS
Dr. Linda Detwiler 2014
Owens, Julie
From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]
Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM
To: FSIS RegulationsComments
Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98
FSIS, USDA, REPLY TO SINGELTARY
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf
Sunday, August 09, 2009
CJD...Straight talk with...James Ironside...and...Terry Singeltary...
2009
Tuesday, August 18, 2009
* BSE-The Untold Story - joe gibbs and singeltary 1999 - 2009
WHAT about the sporadic CJD TSE proteins ?
WE now know that some cases of sporadic CJD are linked to atypical BSE and
atypical Scrapie, so why are not MORE concerned about the sporadic CJD, and all
it’s sub-types $$$
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease CJD cases rising North America updated report
August 2013
*** Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease CJD cases rising North America with Canada
seeing an extreme increase of 48% between 2008 and 2010 ***
Sunday, October 13, 2013
*** CJD TSE Prion Disease Cases in Texas by Year, 2003-2012
Sunday, March 09, 2014
A Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Lookback Study: Assessing the Risk of
Blood Borne Transmission of Classic Forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
FDA TSEAC CIRCUS AND TRAVELING ROAD SHOW FOR THE TSE PRION DISEASES
*** Because typical clinical signs of BSE cannot always be observed in
nonambulatory disabled cattle, and because evidence has indicated these cattle
are more likely to have BSE than apparently healthy cattle, FDA is designating
material from nonambulatory disabled cattle as prohibited cattle materials.
Friday, March 21, 2014
Rancho Dead Stock Cancer Downers Recall Explained FSIS March 20 2014
?
“As of March 20, 2014, FSIS has completed all checks (effectiveness checks
and disposition verification checks) for recalls 002-2014 and 013-2014 regarding
Rancho Feeding Corporation. FSIS has determined that based on the number of
successful checks (see Directive 8080.1, Attachment 1, Table 3) where businesses
were notified of the recall and removed affected products from commerce that the
recall activities were effective.”
huh ???
Thursday, March 20, 2014
JACK IN THE BOX NOW CAUGHT UP IN MASSIVE RANCHO DEAD STOCK DOWNER CANCER
COW RECALL
Thursday, March 6, 2014
TEXAS RECALL LIST MASSIVE FROM DEAD STOCK DOWNER CANCER COWS OFFAL from
Class I Recall 002-2014 and 013-2014 Health Risk: High Jan 13, 2014 and Feb 8,
2014 shipped to Texas, Florida, and Illinois UPDATE FEBRUARY 14, 2014
Monday, March 3, 2014
*** Gov. C.L. "Butch" Otter of Idaho signs bill that will force consumers
to eat dead stock downers and whatever else the industry decides
Thursday, February 13, 2014
*** HSUS VS USDA ET AL BAN DOWNER CALVES FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (*veal) and
potential BSE risk factor there from
*** Because typical clinical signs of BSE cannot always be observed in
nonambulatory disabled cattle, and because evidence has indicated these cattle
are more likely to have BSE than apparently healthy cattle, FDA is designating
material from nonambulatory disabled cattle as prohibited cattle materials.
TSS
posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. | 4:55 PM
|
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